
Class. 
Book^ 



£i?3 



h ^.L 



MAN m AMERICA. 

/i3 



SIX THOUSAND YEARS FROM EDEN TO 
INDEPENDENCE HALL. 



THE HIGHEST SUMMIT REACHED BY MAN, EN MASSE, BETWEEN THE 
GARDEN OF EDEN AND INDEPENDENCE HALL, IS CITIZENSHIP MAN- * 
HOOD ON THE TABLE LAND OP EQUALITY IN THE UNITED STATES, 
WHERE THE AMERICAN CITIZEN IS AS HIGH ABOVE THE SUB- 
JECT OF A CROWN AS THE TABLE LAND IN THIBET IS 
ABOVE TIDEWATER, OR THE FLIGHT OF THE EAGLE 
HIGHER THAN THE SPARROW. 



BY 



THOMAS S. FERNON, 



AUTHOR OF 



"no dynasty in north AMERICA," "FREE TRADE MEANS SERF PAY AND 
FAMINE FARE," ETC. 



PHILADELPHIA : 
PRESS OF HENRY B. ASH MEAD, 

Nos. 1102 AND 1104 Sansom Street. 

188 9. 



t C> if- 






I. 

II. 
III. 

IV. 

V. 

VI. 

VII. 

VIII. 

IX. 

X. 

XI. 

XII. 

XIII. 

XIV. 

XV. 

XVI. 

XVII. 

if 

XVIII. 

XIX. 

XX. 

XXI. 

XXII. 

XXIII. 

XXIV. 

XXV. 

XXVI. 

XXVII. 

XXVIII. 

XXIX. 

XXX. 

XXXI. 

XXXII. 

XXXIII. 

XXXIV. 

XXXV. 

XXXVI. 

xxxyii. 
' .' x.)ixv/ii; 
• ■' xxxrx.' 

XL. 

xLi. 



six Cities 



CONTENTS. 

Sign of the Covenant between the States and the United States, 

In Search of a Livelihood and Haven, . 

The Dominion of Canada, .... 

Party Platforms and the Commandments, 

What Crises and Epidemics do, 

Worth mills in the Ground, millions under Roof, 

Alien-born Agitators as Mischief-makers, 

The Crusades against the Turk — Diplomacy his Ally 

Railway's and Waterways — Western Europe, Washington 

Petersburg, ..... 
Imports and Exports — Foreign Trade Totals, 
Great Cities are not on Ocean Shores, . 
Internal and External Trade, . 
Manchester Ship Canal, England, . 
Pennsylvania the Pass and Passage-way, 
New Jersey and California— The Union Waistband 
The Erie Canal and Wall Street, 
Bank Clearing-house Returns — Philadelphia and 

Baltimore to Denver, 
Cotton in past time, Iron in present time 
Between Pittsburgh and Denver, St. Paul and New 
Custom-houses Described, .... 

Consular Officers in Foreign Countries, . 
Duplicity in Trade, Diplomacy in Congress, . 
Americans must not Lose their Paradise, 
All Countries Foreign outside of the Union, . 
Per Capita Capacity for Consumption, 
The American Citizen Farmer, 
Labor Misrepresentatives in Legislatures, 
The True Economist the Poor Man's Wife, 
Pins, Apothecaries, Political Traders, . 
A Speechmaker and Party Servant, 
University Schoolmasters, .... 

The American Situation — Principal Millionaires, 
Railway Wreckers, ...... 

Invested Home Capital and Competition, 
Satan in Judea, the European in Africa, 
The Ways of the World— The Battle of Life, 
Commercial Treaties with Foreign Nations, . 
, iChiJefve J>faturj,t {jp,;;vvs;and Meditate Mankind, 
• Ititeroceanic Gfliiale atid Continental Railways, 
Unrest and Distrust in Western Europe, 



Orleans, 



St 



Page 

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from 

38-41 

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f|^n<Itsylv<ihia, Plifljiiletijhia, Pittsburgh, 



4, 18, 28-32, 34-36, 40 



Entered according to the Act of Congress, in the year 1889, by 

THOMAS S. FERNON, 

in the ofHcc of the Librarian of Congress, in Washington. 



MAN IN AMERICA. 



THE SIGN OF • THE COVENANT BETWEEN THE 
STATES AND THE UNITED STATES. 

I. Pennsylvania is the Keystone of the Arch emblematic of the 
United States, designed and erected by the architects and builders of 
the Republic, to span time, combine strength and inspire love of 
commonwealth and country. 

II. Agriculture and Manufactures are the Pillars of the Arch, 
representing the industries and interests of town and country, the 
two sources of trade in the two conditions of society organized by 
Adam's race, for mutual support out of the products of husbandry 
and the arts, which together include all the varieties of labor, manual 
and mental, in door and out, and jointly make a market for sellers 
and consumers, and so provide for the necessities of nature and the 
comforts and conveniences that charm household life ; thus showing 
that Agriculture and Manufactures are both necessary to the nation 
for the common good of the states, as the two sexes are necessary for 
the propagation of the human species. 

III. And the Foundations of the Arch, which stands on a rock 
where the wind and rain beat against it, but harm it not, for it is 
concreted in a hundred years of political weather, sunshine and 
shower, are the Declaration of Independence by the Continental 
Congress, at Philadelphia, July 4, 1776, and the Constitution of the 
United States, adopted in National Convention, George Washington, 
President, at Philadelphia, September 17, 1787. 

IV. The Declaration gave man his first firm foothold, to stand to 
his guns on battle ground, for equality in civil rights. 

The Constitution is the perpetual charter of the Union, with vested 
powers granted by the states, not for consolidation into a centralized 
government, but, on the contrary, to enforce the agreement of the 
states, fraternize interstate interests and regulate national and inter- 
national affairs. And these grand objects it has consummated in the 
rise of the nation to greatness among the powers, with commercial 
interests as wide as the world. 



MAN IN AMERICA. 



IN SEARCH OF A LIVELIHOOD AND HAVEN. 

Inequality in the condition of man, political and fiscal, is the " old, 
old story " told in history, through the mutations of recorded time, 
under all forms of religion and frames of government, from the organ- 
ization of society to the present day. 

And meantime that wonderful progress has been made by man in 
machinery and the arts, intermittent political progress has also been 
made in redressing human wrongs and restoring human rights, alter- 
nating results of ambition and patriotism evolved out of the moral 
and political light and darkness caused by the strifes, conquests, in- 
trigues and treaties which made and keep the globe a patchwork of 
nations and dependencies, clans and tribes. Christian, Mohammedan 
and heathen, the millennium is not in sight, save through the 
blessed glasses of faith, which penetrate beyond the astronomer's 
telescope, and make the wonderland of the future, that mystery of 
mysteries, visible to hope, the spirit resident in the human heart. 

Furthermore, there are now in this nineteenth century, nearly 
nine tenths gone by, on the disk of the world of Adam and Noah, 
progenitor and preserver of the human family, and representatives 
of Eden and Ararat, signs of betterment in dynastic government 
where the subject masses are expectant and impatient, and in prep- 
arations for emigration from overcrowded fatherlands in Europe to 
new colonies foreshadowed in Africa, which is six times the size of 
western Europe, and contains fewer inhabitants ; and also in Aus- 
tralia and South America, where, as on the " dark continent," crossed 
midway by the equator, and within which the explorer and the mis- 
sionary are spies on the natives, there is uninhabited territory for 
settlement and opportunity for immigrants to locate and thrive, and 
so build and progress like other pioneers who builded new states and 
prospered in other places. But though the mental vista to the san- 
guine be aglow in spots in the mind, akin to sunlight on a landscape 
between shadows of clouds overhead, the proneness of statecraft to 
counteraction and retrogression, where the people without common 
rights and princes with spurious prerogatives are the parties, makes a 
prognosis of the political zodiac very uncertain prediction. For, 
notwithstanding the achievements of pen and sword, historical in 



annals of the past, it is to-day, in order to picture man's condition of 
inequality on the earth, simply necessary to contrast the European 
part of Turkey with the rest of Europe, and the Christian parts of 
Europe with Africa and Asia, to demonstrate the superiority of Chris- 
tian institutions to pagan despotism, and same time make palpable to 
the understanding of mankind, emphatic as a mountain peak seen 
from a Colorado plain, the pinnacle truth that the Republic of North 
America is a land favored in its early European immigrants of mixed 
races, whose children intermarried and founded the American race — 
a land blessed in its resources and institutions ; and thus make its 
glories, revealed in its star and stripe ensign, luminous as a flame in a 
lighthouse on a sea-coast or bar in a bay, a warning and a sign to the 
mariner off shore or bound for a land-locked tide-water port ; so that 
political astrologers who would steal secrets from the skies may turn 
their faces downward from the milky way, that marvellous congrega- 
tion of sparks in azure overhead, and resume the study of the naviga- 
tion charts, which pilots of the ship of state and skippers in the 
political coasting trade consult, to avoid shoals, keep the bow in the 
channel and the keel clear of the bottom. 

But there are other wrecks beside watercraft that sink or go ashore. 
Indeed, on overland routes there are more wrecks of corporations 
and business ventures than there are wrecks of vessels on ocean path- 
ways. True, navigation is a nautical word, appertaining to voyages 
on waterways, but it is likewise a term available in trade, signifying 
the art of knowing how to steer a business, where there are rocks and 
snags ahead and no chart at hand, till fortune is acquired and a new 
commander take the place of a veteran resigned, as a father giving 
way to a son and son to son in turn. 

Thus the routine of trade, wherein is comprised all branches of 
business, is carried on from generation to generation, the successor 
sometimes surpassing the predecessor, sometimes reversing this result, 
and ending in liquidation or bankruptcy and ruin. 

Those who reach the front are the successful few ; those who gravi- 
tate down to the rear, with no recourse left untried, may escape hun- 
ger and rags ; the main body between the leaders and the disabled, 
" the rank and file," is the army in force, which withstands the brunt ; 
for employment pay, which though better in America than in Europe, 
thanks to protection, is not overmuch for the citizen whose competitor 
is a subject across the sea, where the masses will have to burst fet- 
ters, even where worn velveted, before the chattel bread-winner can 
be free. The hereditary title-wearer is in his way, across one road a 
barricade, in another road a stumbling-block, an obstacle to be re- 
moved like any other obstruction, by means adequate for the end. 



Although the chronology of human events covers nearly six thou- 
sand years, sixty centuries of epochs and eras, ancient and modern, 
with tlie "Dark Ages" between, there are hundreds of millions of 
human beings, in sooth an exceeding great majority of mankind, still 
in bondage of opinion and body to usurped authority, maintained by 
standing armies and diplomacy with decoys and tricks in lieu of deadly 
weapons, on false premises for justifying pleas and by the enforcement 
of laws intended to operate unequally on subject population. 

True, the elective franchise, here and there, has been extended and 
restrictions have been relaxed ; but where hereditary crowns are worn 
and laws of primogeniture and entail are tolerated, to perpetuate 
castes, titles and possessions, the subject masses derive very little 
benefit from the compromise concessions yielded by their imperious 
oppressors, who surrender privilege and prerogative to circumstances 
beyond control, with a tardy and reluctant acquiescence. 

In surgery, where a limb, imperfect and unsound, must be severed 
from the body to save life, the knife is an indispensable instrument. 

And where there are abuses chronic in a system, as decay in a tree 
hollow in the trunk and only fit for firewood, revolution, justified by 
festering cause, is a righteous remedy, sanctified by success either in 
controversy or combat. 

Constitutional government so called, under a limited monarchy 
without a written constitution as in England, where, however, the 
House of Commons is supreme, if the crown choose to assert its au- 
thority, is always costly ; for royal pomp is expensive pageantry, and 
a royal family is a heavy burden on the budget. 

The time will come, too, " when the kingdoms of the earth " will be 
no more, and the people, educated to understand manhood rights and 
duties, will wonder how and why mummeries and shams that appealed 
only to the senses were tolerated through so many centuries, in so 
many lands, prior to the American Declaration of Independence, July 
4, 1776, and the revolution in France, beginning at the Bastile 
stormed and taken, July 14, 1789, two epochal dates red as the sun 
seen first through a morning mist, since golden as the sun in the azure 
sky at noon. 

In the use of the ballot, no wiser discrimination was ever shown 
than in the election for President of the United States, held Novem- 
ber 6, 1888. Then the issue was citizen home rule in the American 
market, through water-tight and fire-proof protection to citizen labor, 
or serf pay and famine fare in this bounteous land of plenty, comfort 
and content, as in Europe where there are more hands fitted for work 
than there is work to do, and where there are more mouths to feed 
than there are loaves of bread to break ; and where, besides, General 



Hunger has his headquarters organizing for a march, not caring which 
■way, with agrarians, nihilists and anarchists in his ranks, exhorting a 
distribution of property by promiscuous crusade against life, valuables 
and institutions, with no remedy for evils to be uprooted, nor substi- 
tute for establishments to be torn down. 

Europe waits the coming of a Washington and a body of patriotic 
men like the Continental Congress to organize a revolution founded 
on principles and rights, and to concrete its issues in a model consti- 
tution put where it will stand, and made so it will last. 

France has made sacrifices in liberty's behalf; but the constitution 
of France is not a perfect bulwark, for the republic of France is beset 
within with the treason of dynasties and factions, and besieged with- 
out with the jealousies and opposition of near-by powers. But a large 
majority of the French people are republican in judgment, sentiment 
and determination ; and that trio of virtues assures France against 
Bourbon, Orleanist or Buonapartist re-occupation. Between France 
and Royalty are the ballot and the guillotine. 

It is an error to allege that in the war of 1870-71 Germany con- 
quered France. Germany defeated the army of Napoleon III., who 
instio-ated the war and lost his throne; but the resurrected French 
republic, under President Thiers, the man for the emergency, put 
down the commune and so ended its reign of violence in Paris, and 
paid to Germany the largest indemnity ever stipulated in a treaty. 
The croakers who decry France will die before the republic, that is 
busy with its task to cure conscious defects ; and its resolution is to 
be ready for any crisis possible in western Europe, where, as elsewhere, 
its rank is a first-class power. 

It is only in the United States that all the roads to preferment, all 
the opportunities for advancement to distinction and fortune, are open 
to free competition in politics, the professions, the industries and the 
arts ; in a word, in all the avocations of life imposed by necessity and 
duty. The American citizen can gratify yearnings and aspirations 
which the subject cannot share, because he is destitute of rights taken 
from him. 

In the United States, moreover, the ballot is free to every citizen 
and every vote cast counts one, whether the qualified elector be rich 
or poor, an employer or an employe. This is political equality with- 
out qualification other than citizenship, which natives inherit and 
immigrants can acquire. 

In influence in a community one man may outweigh another; but 
on election day no man counts more than another, in the ballot-box. 
The subject is a chattel of the crown, but the citizen is a part of the 
state. Hence citizenship in a republic, where it constitutes eligibility 



9 

to office, even to the highest in the elective catalogue, is the supreme 
condition of manhood, exalted above bondman in kingdom or empire. 
Especially is the condition of the colonist humiliating, if not pitiable, 
as a political asset, since he is only a collateral subject, owing allegi- 
ance to a reigning sovereign far away and separated from him by 
thousands of intervening miles, across which the ties of mutual sym- 
pathy do not reach, cannot respond, the agreement between kingdom 
and colony being a sort of forced marriage with a divorce in mental 
reservation, if not in prospect. 

A colony, at the very best that can be said of it, is nothing more 
than a step-daughter-like dependency, whilst fellowship in independent 
government embodies the elevating idea of nationality, and gives man 
his full stature and true status of equality as a factor in human 
affairs. This is what the Creator intended when he modelled one 
man, whose image is the pattern of all men. 

The cars in a train follow the track, obedient to the locomotive 
ahead, to which they are coupled ; and the colonies of an empire or 
kingdom, if not hauled, are driven by a stationary motive-power, like 
machinery in motion, save that one is geared with "red tape," the 
other with leather belts. 

THE DOMINION OF CANADA. 

The British empire, the kingdom, colonies and dependencies, con- 
sidered as one political complexity, is operated throughout, notwith- 
standing its incongruities which will not amalgamate like drops of 
water or metals alloyed into bronze, in the name of a crowned ruler 
enthroned in London, constituting a centralized propelling force (as 
did the Corliss engine in Machinery Hall, Fairmount Park, during 
the Centennial Exhibition of 1876), and exercising or waiving juris- 
diction, as in Canada, according to option dictated by interest or sug- 
gested by circumstances, pending or foreshadowed. 

Whereas if Canada were part of the American Union, and, as it 
then would be, within the jurisdiction of Congress, the colonist would 
be merged in the citizen, and the Canadian, equally with the Texan, 
would have a representative voice and vote in Washington. Texas 
crossed the Rio Grande, and Canada can cross the St. Lawrence and 
imitate Texas when it departed Mexico. From the Washington 
capitol Canada, same as a field in crop from the orb of day, could 
draw installments of sunshine warmer and healthier than is derived 
from its atmosphere loaded with London fog, which is dark, dismal 
and damp, or from its assessed spectacular asset, the aurora borealis, 
with its radiant ribbons of northern lights, simultaneously brilliant in 



10 

the skies of Greenland and Alaska, east and west of the magnetic 
pole, in the hyperborean region of the Esquimaux-Canadians that 
sparsely populate the Dominion north of the isothermal limit to agri- 
culture abreast of Hudson Bay, a way to the sea, open in summer 
time, independent of the St. Lawrence route. 

The provinces abutting the Union boundary line, including New- 
foundland and Nova Scotia, moulded into states American pattern, 
can petition for annexation or knock for admission, Texas fashion, 
when the people, pausing to think for themselves, shall realize how 
the Dominion government and its impecunious corporations have 
squeezed the udder of the patient English cow till they have milked 
its Canada teat dry. Thereupon the people of Canada, not the pay- 
roll pensioners of the Dominion, will tire of their subject condition 
and yearn for citizenship in the republic across the border. 

"Roman citizen " was a proud title, boasted of by those who bore 
it; "American citizen" is a prouder manhood title which every 
qualified voter can wear, in and on his breast. 

Subject is servitude, as bondage is slavery. Personal government 
in perpetuity, by life tenure and descent, is never legitimate, because 
it is founded on usurpation of the rights of the many, exercised with- 
out the consent of the individuals bereft of the gift of nature. Per- 
sonal government is tyranny with a gloved hand, ready to unsheath 
a bayonet concealed in a sleeve. 

In republican government, representatives of the people, elected 
by ballot, are a co-ordinate part of the law-making machinery, where 
there are three co-ordinate branches, as President, Senate and House 
of Representatives, or Governor, Senate and Assembly. Citizenship 
by nativity and right to property left by will or allotted by law are 
the only birthrights. To citizenship derived from nativity is added 
citizenship derived from naturalization, the native and the adopted 
citizen having equal domiciliary rights. No man can name his suc- 
cessor in office, no man can convey his honorary title, to survive 
himself. Death makes office and title vacant and creates opportunities 
for promotion. 

The man dies and is buried, and kinship is no title to successorship 
to office or to title. If the earth may be likened to a battle-ground 
and life a strife, a republic may be likened to a race-course where 
every steed has a fair start and a fair chance to win a stake. If every 
competitor won a prize of uniform value, there would be no incentive 
to eff'ort ; and human beings would be of a common mental height, 
like forest trees level at the top. 

Is not one of the reasons why, in a monarchy, more subjects do 
not try to climb the ladder to a higher level, the fact that most of the 



11 

premiums payable in a republic in substantial rewards and distin- 
guishing honors are, in a monarchy, the exclusive perquisites of a 
nobility patented by the crown ? 

The fruit of a tree is bettered by a graft of a new variety ; and 
same Avay the nobility in a monarchy is bettered by the graft of an 
humble but promising twig on a young tree in an old orchard. Gen- 
erals are promoted from the ranks because on the issue of a battle 
hangs victory or defeat ; on the issue of a war depends the fate of a 
country. 

Recruiting the aristocracy from the ranks of the people is an expe- 
dient which may prolong a monarchy and postpone the republic where 
it is announced in "the signs of the times " in Europe, but it cannot 
disband its army on the march, armed with the ballot, which combines 
torpedo and bomb, pistol and gun. 

The President of the United States is the choice of the ballot, 
through electors chosen by ballot in the states of the Union, in 
number corresponding with senators and representatives in Congress, 
the electoral college and Congress having an equal number of seats. 

This is representation according to state population, and is a safe- 
guard against the centralization of power, of which the states are 
naturally jealous. 

If the citizen cast his vote direct for President, without the inter- 
position of electors and irrespective of the states as states, com- 
binations might be made between centres of dense population to 
control the general result on sectional instead of national grounds. 
Sectionalism is bigotry and nationality is patriotism. 

Verily the framers of the constitution were wise and far-sighted in 
"their day and generation;" for it is left to their posterity, still 
heedful of the injunction, only to change the presidential term from 
four to six years and render the incumbent of the highest office on 
earth ineligible for re-election. 

Perched on the highest peak of the highest honor, where machination 
cannot cut him off from his constituents, the President with his 
mind's eye or visual organs sees the sun rise and set every day for 
four years, 1461 days of a lifetime, and then, if not re-elected, with 
dignity resumes his normal post of private citizenship. 

Newfoundland and Vancouver islands are not so far apart as Maine 
and the westernmost of the Aleutian islands of Alaska. 

The United States boundary line, one hundred and ninety-three 
degrees west longitude from Greenwich, is sixty-seven degrees west 
of Vancouver island, and Newfoundland is only fifteen degrees east 
of Maine. Therefore the admission of Canada into the Union would 
cause no outstretching of the national boundary line, between its 



12 

extremities east and west, for the reason that the distance is greater 
between Maine and the frontier Aleutian island than the distance 
between islands Vancouver and Newfoundland. 

Extension of boundary line to the north pole does not signify ; for 
beyond the isothermal limit to the cultivation of crops, overflow 
population can never go nor new states ever grow. Eviction of the 
Esquimaux, in expectation of colonization where they dwell, is a 
transitory Dominion dream, as illusive as a mirage or a Dominion 
prospectus distributed to entice immigrants and dollars from Europe 
into Canada ; perchance into provinces bordering on Walrussia, where 
the aboriginal walrus and white bear landlord large plantations of ice 
and reconnoitre expeditions bound for the ninetieth degree of north 
latitude, there to discover the north pole. 

It is not likely that Canada will be admitted into the Union a sinner 
unrepentant, or otherwise than as a suppliant on petition of aggrieved 
natives of manhood proclivities anxious to become citizens and deceived 
immigrants unwilling to stay and become subjects ; and also on con- 
fession that the Dominion, judged by its fruits as the product of the 
seed planted by its founders, is a crop failure, except it be considered 
a "rotten borou2:h" on a biff scale, manaired in the interest of its 
official wire-workers; that it is insolvent on its indebtedness, guar- 
antees and contracts ; that the net revenue of its railway corporations 
from traffic carried is insufficient to pay a fair, if any, interest on 
their aggregate investments ; that its food crops, small and light in 
its sparse and scattered population, do not yield more than enough to 
satisfy home consumption ; that its fuel, of which it needs much to 
counteract the extreme cold in the half year of winter weather, is at 
its ocean ends, not distributed in its provinces as coal is distributed 
in the states, across the continent ; that much if not most of its area 
is wintry waste ; that the St. Lawrence, bay and river, and Hudson 
bay, are icebound and locked against navigation the first six, the last 
eight months of the year, thus establishing a blockade of all the inland 
tidewater ports and all the freshwater lake ports in Canada east of 
the Rocky Mountains, — a sorry contrast with the open-through-the- 
year Atlantic, Gulf and Mississippi ports in the United States ; that, 
altogether, the Dominion is a sort of political estate which impoverishes 
its owner in proportion to its size — in which singularity it is unlike 
its neighbor, that makes its owner, " Uncle Sam," richer in proportion 
to its size ; that this difference is due to location, resources and insti- 
tutions ; that the average barrenness of the Dominion and its meteor- 
ological extremes, added to the other conditions named, make up a 
debit sum total of discouraging drawbacks against the country as a 
whole, after offsetting the foregoing inventory of principal character- 



13 

istics with a credit entry of a few streaks and patches of fat land on 
the Dominion's back, like stripes and spots on zebra and leopard 
skins, or steaks of show-beef tenderloin cut from a prize steer, not from 
one of Canada's "lean kine" descended from Pharaoh's distant time. 

Again : If Canada should pursue a policy of double-dealing here- 
after as she has heretofore at sundry times, in sundry ways, the 
United States may, according to usage in cases of boundary line 
rectification, occupy territory at present within the Dominion, east of 
Maine and west of Lake Superior, and hold it as indemnity for the 
future. 

Cape Farewell, Greenland, is on the sixtieth parallel of north 
latitude, thirty degrees south of the north pole; and Canada, west 
of the " Lake of the Woods," is bounded by the forty-ninth parallel 
of north latitude ; so that of the forty-one degrees of north latitude 
between the north pole and the United States, thirty degrees or 
seventy-three per cent, of the distance is north of the latitude of 
Cape Farewell in the arctic zone of Greenland, and only eleven 
degrees south of the latitude of Cape Farewell and five degrees forty 
minutes south of Alaska. 

Greenland, it will be remembered, on account of its unendurable 
inhospitality, is almost depleted of population, notwithstanding it has 
an area of 838,000 square miles, seven times the size of Great Britain 
and Ireland. 

Canada is a land where emigrants fold their tents and take leave, 
not a land of promise for immigrants to stay in after trial, if they 
survive its winter and have means to move into a state of the Union. 

And after North America, by the annexation of Canada, whole or 
part, and by treaty with neighbor Mexico and the Central American 
states, shall have been joined in limited partnership under the aegis 
of the Washington Constitution, from Panama north to the pole, 
European kinsmen, not of one tongue but of all tongues, however 
disposed to jealousy and jobbiness, or the covetousness of race rivalry, 
will -sink selfishness in affectionate interest in offspring, merged and 
multiplied in a powerful people. 

The Union is a fissure lode in stratified humanity, running cross- 
wise to parallel dynastic formations, exposed nowadays, more than 
ever before, to volcano and earthquake outbreak and shake, where 
the crust of political society is thin and the forces seething underneath 
may at any time upheave the surface ; and the population of the 
Union, a new race free in government and American in name and 
nature, founded by immigrants from the islands and continent of 
Europe, and developed by their intermarried and commingled pos- 
terity into a nation combining the elements of greatness, rest and 



14 

rely not so much on army and navy, and reserves within call, as on 
faith in, fidelity to and affection for the republic, with the ballot and 
free schools as the mainstaj^s of its institutions. 

PARTY PLATFORMS AND THE COMMANDMENTS. 

Of the products of the United States each and every foreign nation 
buys as little as it can make satisfy its wants, necessaries and luxuries 
included ; and it is preposterous to assert that foreign nations would 
buy more of the staples of American agriculture or more articles of 
American manufacture, if America increased its purchases of the pro- 
ducts of European mills and workshops. A high aim of statesman- 
ship is to show, in the consideration of the budget, a balance in value 
in favor of merchandise exports, as against value of merchandise im- 
ports. An individual cannot spend more than his income, whether 
from earnings of head or hand, or increment on investment, without 
incurring debt. And Avhat is a nation but an aggregation of its in- 
dwellers ? 

That wages paid employes in the United States are higher, in many 
cases very much higher, than is paid in foreign countries, competitive 
in manufactures, is a truth now so generally and so often conceded in 
debate that denial of it among persons informed on the subject is 
accepted proof of hardihood in lying. 

However, to the demagogue and the agitator, who demolish with 
words where others build with works, and who vent detraction where 
praise is merited, falsehood and fact seem morsels of equal sweetness, 
rolled under tongues too willino; to talk. 

Hence it behooves the citizen elector to be wary and alert in the 
use of the ballot, lest he be deceived, even with his eyes supposititiously 
open ; for a party platform operated in a canvass, like a trap in the 
stage of a theatre, may confound the senses. 

In political platform making the mental carpentry is, first, the 
selection of material for planks, soft and hard Avood, in sizes and 
shapes fitted for dovetailing ; and second, the use of the milliner and 
dressmaker art of adornment with flowers of phraseology, to captivate 
and proselyte the spectator and reader. And when a platform is thus 
dovetailed and festooned and made to stand on and declaim from by 
veterans in office, by candidates crammed with expectation, and by 
experts in the tactics of dissimulation, conscientious citizens are asked 
to vote their convictions at the polls. 

Thus the independent vote, given by those who diagnose a contro- 
versy, horoscope the names on a ticket, and dissect measures formu- 
lated as principles, turns the scale in a crisis in j)ublic affairs. 



15 

In verity, in the recent presidential election the issue of free trade 
disguised in the effigy of "revenue reform," versus protection, when 
bourbon survivors of the "lost cause " buried by Grant at Appomat- 
tox, and their allies and new enlistments, putting greed for patronage 
before welfare of country, by subterfuge and device sought to add to 
the " solid South," which is as sure to disintegrate as solid ice is to 
melt, the necessary number of electoral votes to compass the re- 
election of their candidate, the intelligent discrimination of the voter 
was vindicated in the majority verdict of the jury of states, in the re- 
turns which made Benjamin Harrison, the standard-bearer of citizen 
home rule in the American market. President Grover Cleveland's suc- 
cessor. 

The commandments in the old Hebrew Testament, and the sermon 
on the mount, and the epistles of the apostles in the new Greek Tes- 
tament, inspired utterances, remain unchanged foundations of religious 
belief. 

Thus a man may hold fast to his religion and same time change his 
politics, because the forethoughtful citizen casts his ballot to make it 
count for measures urged in a canvass, not for men nominated on a 
ticket. 

It is only the party bondman, whose stock in trade is his service to 
party through support of regular nominations, who nowadays boasts 
that he is " dyed in the wool " of party sheep, and strives to emulate 
the bell-wethers of the flock, that lacks the moral courage to vote the 
opposition party ticket, or paste a slip over a name he yearns to ex- 
punge. 

The debate in the Washington Senate, since new year, is sufficient 
to open the eyes of any honest reader to the animus and the aim of 
tariif reformers, particularly among senators from states south of the 
thirty-fifth parallel of north latitude, east of the Rio Grande, a region 
wherein, in spots, the small vote counted demonstrates that the elec- 
tion poll does not represent or express majority public opinion. Nor 
is the contest ended elsewhere between protection, under which the 
cities and towns east and west of the Allegheny water-shed, and from 
Maine to California, have expanded and flourished, and free trade in 
the borrowed surtout of revenue reform ; for the lobby is cosmopolitan 
in its undertakings, and its doctrinaires are never content nor satis- 
fied short of having their own way ; and then, having embodied a 
cranky idea in a statute, and paused an interval sufficient to incubate 
a new mischief against their country, try again to gratify an envious 
spleen or serve the foreigner of another land. 

Henry Clay, who made Kentucky conspicuous in his day, advo- 
cated discrimination in tariff duties with the avowed intent and object 



16 

of protection to American manufactures, thereby to make the Union a 
great nation through development of internal resources scattered in 
generous profusion, and the upbuilding of an independent American 
market. And this grand result protection has since achieved ; but 
the element of discontent would change this scene of rising forenoon 
effulgence for a flecked sky between mid-day and sunset. 

Free trade need not be " pure and simple " to be effective in result ; 
for where impost duty is less than the difference in wages paid in 
foreign and American establishments, and per consequence the foreign 
manufacturer can pay the duty imposed ostensibly for revenue, the 
American manufacturer will be undersold in the home market, where- 
upon the effect will be practical free trade, as conspirators against the 
domestic industries foresaw in the beginning. 

Imagine the American market deriving most of its needed supplies 
of merchandise from foreign sources, and how long would it be be- 
fore alien trusts and syndicates would put up prices to American con- 
sumers ? 

Germany, England and France, the three principal competitive 
manufacturing centres of Europe, jointly contain 122,000,000 of pop- 
ulation within an area only one seventh part the size of the United 
States. And the " almighty dollar," duplicated into millions of extra 
profitable American trade, would appease national jealousy and sub- 
due race hatred in mart and market, with prize money in sight and 
within reach of English, German and French dealers, who would 
lock arms and march to the banquet table to the tune of fraternity in 
trade. 

And with the American market open to influx of foreign merchan- 
dise, there would be no contracts for new and additional industrial 
works, no tenants for new and additional dwelling-houses, and per 
consequence no new work for the employment of the building trades. 
On the contrary, industrial works would be closed and employes would 
be forced to scatter and thus decrease in number as orders for goods 
were filled from foreign sources. 

To be sure, states and cities would not disappear, however they 
might have to rely on increment for increase, but change of occupa- 
tion would ensue and reduced compensation follow as inevitably as 
night follows day ; for there would be fewer industrial pursuits carried 
on without loss fatal to employer, and bread-winning would be a sore 
trial and severe ordeal with General Hunger in command, campaign- 
ing the country and foraging for food, which idle hands cannot earn 
wherewith to buy, when machinery is not in motion. 

Was not the signal service organized, and is it not maintained, by 
the General Government to rej)ort the indications of the atmosphere 



17 

and telegraph the symptoms of the weather to the coast and through- 
out the land, to warn against storm and so prevent or mitigate dis- 
aster ? 

The General Government gathers and circulates despatches of the 
couriers of the weather, who ride the air currents and scatter messages 
of good or evil omen for man to heed. 

Where foreign merchandise is imported in excess of the consump- 
tion of the market glutted, the inference is irresistible that the import 
duty on the redundant importation is too little to protect the home 
manufacturer and his workmen, who are partners in interest, against 
over-favored foreign importation. And testimony to this effect is suf- 
ficient cause for curative revision by Congress. 

The recollections of the writer go back to a prior generation, when 
the importing merchant, located on Front Street or near the Delaware 
river docks, was in the foreground, paramount in influence ; and the 
pioneer manufacturer, modest in the background, but gifted with a 
forecast of the future impending behind the horizon as he saw it 
crested with hope, was beset with difficulties and harassed with cares 
which he had to meet and surmount, else stop, shut his eyes to the 
vista, and succumb to circumstances, on the threshold of success. 

WHAT CRISES AND EPIDEMICS DO. 

Commercial crises are epochs symbolized with closed doors indica- 
tive of suspended payment, and should be pondered and provided 
against, to make return improbable, by sanitary finance promotive 
of general health in business bounds, as the pests of yellow fever and 
small-pox are barred out from return visit to communities tried in the 
ordeal of experience, by municipal afterthought founded in resurrected 
public spirit and by liberal expenditure for improvements. In a pest- 
ilence breath departs the body as in a trade revulsion " riches take 
wings and fly away." 

Not many years ago the city of Memphis was smitten with the 
yellow fever, but the Tennesseeans did not despair ; on the contrary, 
they went to work and graded and drained, till sewers discharged 
into the river the contents of ponds and pest-places, so that foul 
exhalations could no longer poison the atmosphere nor breed the 
plague. 

In Philadelphia, the yellow fever by its visitations in 1793 and 
1798 hastened the abandonment of wells and the erection of works 
for water supply from the Schuylkill river, first at Chestnut Street, 
next Fairmount. 

And the cholera in New York city, in 1832, furnished a conclusive 



18 

reason for the Crotou water supply, which succeeded the Manhattan 
island well-pump supply in 1842. Necessity is not a pioneer, but it 
is a force in the rear which makes the vehicle in a rut move ahead. 

Congress, it may be said, is a college of physicians that might con- 
sider the indications of the business weather in market-places, and by 
supplemental legislation seek to steady prices, by removing or miti- 
gating the cause of sudden and extreme fluctuations; thereby to 
insure longer periods of stability in values, so far as foresight and 
patriotism are available where the trade winds are variable, and often- 
times as puzzling and confounding as air waves to the weather bureau, 
organized to translate harbingers and signal storms approaching, but 
not yet in sight. 

History honors with due mention and appreciation discoverers, 
explorers and inventors, and why should not history honor with a 
page or a paragraph the pioneers who founded the industries of the 
old Kensington of the past and laid the foundations of the new 
Kensington of the present, and so contributed to the manufacturing 
greatness which makes Pennsylvania conspicuous among the states 
and the Union distinguished among the nations of the world ? 

Nowadays, however — and herein is a sign of home progress — what- 
ever the proceeding on the programme, the brainy men who manage 
the industries and give employment to wage-earners occupy the fore- 
ground ; the importing agent of the foreign manufacturer the rear or 
background, meditating the audience in front, made up of American 
citizen employers and American citizen employes, mutually intent, 
watchful and appreciative of the scene. 

The intelligent employe, and also every consumer of food who has 
lucid intervals, knows that if his employer cannot put his product 
into market and sell without loss, production will be stopped and pay- 
roll suspended, leaving the wage-hand in idleness. 

Where the conscience of the invoice-maker is elastic, undervaluation 
makes the custom-house schedule a sliding scale of customs duties, 
whereby importations are largely increased beyond what the law, 
honestly construed, would warrant or justify; and especially is this 
true where ad valorem duties are levied instead of specific duties, the 
former stretchable meshes of a net, the latter hold-fast hooks on a line. 

Wheat, corn, sugar, coffee and tea, and beef and mutton and other 
meat, are food staples in common use in the family, where the stomach 
must have consideration, as "self-preservation" is the confessed 
"first law of nature;" and wool, silk, cotton, flax, iron, tin and the 
precious metals and stones are elements in manufactures, bases of 
labor through successive stages of evolution, to finishing-touch for 
shelf and show-window and for sale across counter and on store floor. 



19 

Contemplate, in condensed catalogue, cotton in the pod, silk in the 
cocoon, wool on the sheep, feathers on the ostrich, goose and bird, 
fur on the seal, peltry on the backs of wild animals in the forest ; 
coftee in the berry, tea in the leaf, sugar in the cane ; metal in the 
ore, wood in the tree, ivory in the elephant's tusk ; oil in the whale 
and in the well ; vegetables in the garden and truck patch, cereals in 
the field, fruits in the orchard and vineyard, root crops and surfoce 
plants, berries on vines and bushes ; and, finally, consider and attempt 
to sum the total of bread-winning occupations followed by man, who 
multiplies his productions, manual and mental, and presses into his 
service, as his aids, additional resources latent in nature, till, utilized 
by discovery and invention for common use, another forward step is 
made in the march of betterment. 

And thus has the head of creation, man, the master-work of the 
Creator, narrowed the oceans into steam-ferries, hooped continents 
with railways, and made the planet's circumference of twenty-five 
thousand miles a circular race-course for round trips limited to a few 
weeks in the steamship and railway car, and so with submarine cable 
and telegraph wire superadded made the antipodean populations, who 
stand feet to feet, both the same distance from the centre of gravity, 
correspondents in cosmopolitan intertrade. 

Advanced knowledge and promoted workmanship are typified in 
clay in the potter's hand, painted porcelain which comes out of the 
pottery oven polished for the parlor ; and also in material of fine 
texture out of the shop of tailor, dressmaker and milliner, made into 
garments for manhood, womanhood and youth. 

What is there visible, when not looking into the sky, nor out on 
the ocean, nor into the wilderness or rural country, save the work of 
man's head manifest in the work of man's hand ? 



WORTH ONLY MILLS IN THE GROUND BUT MILLIONS 

UNDER ROOF. 

Is not the new municipal building in Philadelphia a pile of bricks 
and marble, the first of clay burned in Pennsylvania kilns, the latter 
stone from Massachusetts quarries ? Is not the great pile, in its 
totality and its parts, from basement to tower-top, a time-surviving 
monument of remunerated labor, a witness of work paid for by the 
annually assessed taxpayers of Philadelphia ? 

Is not the Baldwin locomotive engine, which courses the iron way 
in the Australasias and other distant lands as in the United States, 
the outcome of graduated labor, unskilled in the pit where the ore is 



20 

a deposit of nature, skilled in the erecting-shop where the iron steed is 
caparisoned for the race it is to run ? 

And is not the contract price of a locomotive, less the royalty paid 
on ore in the ground, interest on capital invested in works and ma- 
terials and on cash fund used in management during progress of con- 
struction, jointly a small part of total cost, made up of sums distrib- 
uted among employes in payment for labor? 

Where large establishments accumulate capital and additional hands 
are employed to fill additional orders, such result is the consequence 
of good management, whereby a small profit on a large product, a 
small sum multipliable many times, is by simple arithmetic expanded 
into a considerable aggregate. And in this Avay it is that wealth ac- 
cumulates where transactions are large and yield a profit to proprie- 
tors, a conclusion advantageous directly or indirectly to everybody in 
a community. Home circulation of money makes home trade active. 

When the balance of an account for a year or a series of years is 
debited to profit and loss, then the employe ought to consider and 
realize that his employer is carrying on business at a loss to himself, 
a performance which cannot be continued long without bankruptcy 
and ruin and consequent transfer of operations to other parties and 
perhaps to another place. 

The failures which occur every year are enough to convince a sen- 
sible employe that labor is not always profitable to him who pays 
for it. 

In verity the enemy of the employe is the salary or fee-paid agi- 
tator, perhaps an alien " who left his country for his country's good," 
and of whom it is impossible to make an industrious American citizen 
worthy the name, because he brought with him old hates to sow dis- 
cord in a new field. 

The act of naturalization might be made forfeitable where an alien 
born is proved unworthy the citizenship conferred on him, to exalt 
him to political equality with his fellow citizens. Crime against prop- 
erty and life is -punishable with penalties which in one case is sus- 
pension from a beam by a rope, in another case the annulment of the 
elective franchise. Citizenship is a fee in the state, which is the ag- 
gregation of its citizens ; therefore, a crime against citizenship is a 
crime against the state. Agrarians, nihilists and brawlers at enmity 
with society are enemies of the state. 

ALIEN-BORN AGITATORS AS MISCHIEF-MAKERS. 

Likewise there are offenders against the peace and order of society 
who do serious harm and hurt to their wives and children, and cause 



21 

heavy loss and entail serious consequences, besides those animals of 
prey tried in the courts of law for arson, burglary, forgery, counter- 
feiting, shop-lifting, pocket-picking and so forth, for which see the 
daily police reports in any large city. The chronology of strikes is 
milestoned with miscreants if not malefactors, actors of parts which 
only good men can perform on trying occasions. 

And looking back into the record it is remarkable, particularly 
here in Philadelphia, how few strikes occur in establishments where 
the employes in large majority part are American born, compared 
with strikes in establishments where the employes in large majority 
part are adopted citizens recently naturalized, or aliens not naturalized 
nor fit for citizenship. 

Immigrants are not all qualified to teach " natives to the manor 
born," either by precept or example, and should be content to follow 
" the customs of the country " which protects them with its equal 
laws, instead of presuming to lead where they do not know the way, 
and of course cannot see ahead, and of trying to embarrass where 
they do not comprehend or appreciate ; thus and thereby disclosing 
their unfitness for citizenship in a republic, till they shall have tutored 
themselves to look back and down on the subject crown chattel con- 
dition they left behind, where the masses are still in bonds and behind 
bars, royalty and nobility meantime enjoying unbroken holiday among 
themselves as a superior breed of mortals, though cast in the mould 
of the first-born of Eve, the first mother of the human family. 

How many varieties of animal life are extinct, except as fossils in 
geological formations, how many varieties of animal life there are in 
animated nature, we need not inquire ; it is enough to know that man 
to-day, as also is the mummy in museums and books, is of the Adam 
pattern, and that all castes of society in kingdoms and despotisms are 
artificial impositions and shams, not in the economy of nature, but 
Avhich only flourish under government founded on oppression. 

Human rights are personal properties, some of which every one 
must yield for common protection, and this is even and exact justice. 
And as murder is a crime against life, so is privilege, though sanc- 
tioned by law which is not always justice, robbery of subjects deprived 
of those manhood attributes which, oppressors appropriate to exalt 
themselves. 

Where there is political equality there cannot be a nobility created 
by patent issued from the crown, nor hereditary title nor hereditary 
office. Free trade in British politics would abolish hereditary office ; 
but to that the conservative Briton demurs, whilst he advocates free 
trade in merchandise manufactured for exportation ! 



22 

THE CRUSADES AGAINST THE TURK— DIPLOMACY 

HIS ALLY. 

Peter the Hermit, centuries ago, preached a crusade against the 
infidel, for the recovery of Jerusalem and the Holy Land, where the 
Saviour in his brief sojourn sowed the seed of evolution ; not evolu- 
tion in the mute animal kingdom, where the mute animals are the 
same to-day as they were when Christ was born in Bethlehem, but 
evolution in religion and government, to which the world is indebted 
for the civil progress made subsequent to the crucifixion. 

Since the crescent of the Saracen was mounted on the Christian- 
built church of Saint Sophia in Constantinople, where the cross was 
taken down after capture of the city by the Ottomans, the Turks 
have been tolerated in Europe, where they are trespassers and in- 
truders, solely because western Europe is jealous of Russia, and from 
that cause intrigues to prolong the stay of the infidel, where he is a 
reproach and a stumbling-block, rather than see the ensign of the 
Christian Greek Church have free course through the straits of Bos- 
phorus and the Dardanelles. There is no religion in "British inter- 
ests," nor in diplomacy. But, meantime, events accumulate behind 
a barrier, as Avater rises behind a dam across a river, till the storm- 
flood overflows the structure, and the swollen stream makes its way 
with a gravity motor in its weight to force it forward over its banks 
till the sea is reached, and aspirations are realized in open doors to 
ocean navigation. 

Dynamiters, brigands, fugitives, refugees and scalawags of mongrel 
breeds and dispositions, from the anarchistic seething pots of western 
Europe, come over to America not to climb upward to the height of 
citizenship, which their predecessors reached, and where their children 
stand mixed in the. national throng, but rather with sullen intent to 
lower the citizenship, which is above their heads, though with steps 
to it in sight, down into the ditch of anarchistic degradation, there to 
burrow in the mud, and sniff" the air for smells that off"end nostrils 
familiar with the fragrance of flowers. 

RAILWAYS AND WATERWAYS— WESTERN EUROPE, 
WASHINGTON, ST. PETERSBURG. 

Is not a coat on a man's back a fleece of wool sheared from a 
sheep's back, woven into cloth in a loom, cut to measure and sewed 
together by a tailor, ready for wear ? 

In sooth, so many are the wants of civilized man, according to the 
weather of the seasons and the fashion of the times, that the sponta- 
neous productions of nature do not, without his systematic adaptation 



23 

of "ways and means," suffice for his support. But what does the 
earth not produce that is essential to the happiness and health of 
man, whereon his labor is bestowed to supplement nature, and so dis- 
charge his duty to the Creator and his fellow creature ? 

Since "the breath of life" animated the first man and his help- 
mate, the only man and the only woman hand-made in the creation, 
has not man ploughed and delved, hunted and fished, and planted, 
grafted and pruned? and does not the earth to-day, as cultivated by 
man, yield in greater profusion and variety than ever before, owing 
to man's busy brain and willing hands? 

Consider the advancement made in agricultural chemistry and in 
farming implements; in locomotive, marine and stationary engines; 
in machinery for furnace, factory, mill and mine ; in illuminating 
gas, telegraphy, electric light, the telephone and the phonograph ; in 
pottery, dyes and paints ; and truly man, where the motors are free 
institutions, free schools and free churches, moves ahead to a time- 
table which in its successive editions scores a conspicuous progress. 
New ideas leaven the mind, and new lights penetrate into dark 
places. 

For a starting point take year 1825, when the first railroad for 
passenger traffic, operated with steam-power, was opened in England 
to public use, and there and thereby developed a new mode of travel, 
which was the origin of a revolution in overland transit that, having 
spread throughout Christendom, is slowly proselyting pagan powers 
to its merits, mainly by concessions to promoters who favor foreign 
contracts. 

Look back through a lifetime of less than fourscore years — there 
are many active citizens between three and fourscore years — and the 
retrospect will span more inventions made in the interest of mankind 
and put to practical use in the economies of peace and the tactics of 
war than are of prior record in any five hundred years of human 
annals. 

In truth and earnestness, so near together have steam-power and 
electricity brought the extremities of the land surfaces between the 
poles that nations, which not long ago were sundered and separated 
by tedious voyages with wind for sailing power, are now so near to- 
gether in steamship time that coaling stations at islands on the ocean 
routes of international intertrade are indispensable appurtenances to 
commercial powers, which have resources in men, means and metal, to 
command consideration and enforce their rights against craft, malice 
and the devices of the devil. 

Ironclads are articles of merchandise, and may be purchased by 
any nation on tidewater having commerce afloat, a coast to guard and 



24 

sea-ports to defend. And the first-class powers, so called, that boast 
of large navies, have on the seas scattered ships that offer tempting 
prizes to fast cruisers and fleet privateers. Nations that make con- 
quest for trade, in the abused name of "civilization," may call pri- 
vateering piracy : but a letter of marque is a weapon of war as jus- 
tifiable as any other commission to prey on an enemy. Wars are not 
yet over, and will not be ended till nations cease to covet the posses- 
sions of each other, and royal bodies embalmed in modern crypts 
shall move the antiquarian to comparison and contrast with mummies 
in the catacombs and pyramids. As between wars and crowned 
heads, one will continue to reappear till the other finally disappear, 
for crowned heads are breeders of wars. 

The oceans which cover three fifths of tlie surface of the circum- 
navigated globe, and are in never-ceasing intercourse through inter- 
change of currents that modify extremes of climate and mitigate ex- 
tremes of temperature, are by universal consent open to free navigation 
a few miles out from shore. 

And the landed surface of th'e earth, made up of areas containing 
jointly fifty-five million square miles of territory and fifteen hundred 
million inhabitants, is the burvino;-ground of mortals homeward re- 
turned to dust ; and same time the birthplace of ideas inscribed on 
monuments erected to founders, builders, patriots, statesmen and 
benefactors, along the worn roads travelled by the living millions, 
bearing the cares of life on their backs or in gripsacks as the case 
may be ; and meantime motor the machinery of government in ways 
to preserve order and save society from anarchy, so that " chaos may 
[not] come again," to cause darkness where God said, " Let there be 
light." 

Nevertheless, wearers of crowns and ministers of state, pencil in 
hand, on a map of the globe as on a slate, concnct schemes for trans- 
fer of jurisdiction of territory and alteration of boundary line, all the 
while extolling what they style " civilization " as if they were mission- 
aries of the One who himself said his kingdom is not of this world ; 
and whose naturalization law will keep wicked potentates and all titled 
and untitled sinners out of citizenship in his father's universe, where 
immortality is everlasting, to certified immigrants of all tongues and 
tints, whose faith, as in olden time, is "■ a pillar of cloud by day and 
a pillar of fire by night" on their exploring tour to the gates which 
St. John saw in a vision as described in Revelation. 

The steam engine, powerful to drive the machinery harnessed to it, 
worn out, goes to dust in the rust of the scrap-heap. And man, how- 
soever uplifted on honors above his fellows, goes to dust like the low- 
liest of mortals. 



25 

Dust and immortality, oblivion and eternity ; into these two condi- 
tions God divides the universe of nature. " Man struts his brief hour 
upon the stage " and disappears. " Oh why should the spirit of mor- 
tal be proud " on the middle division of the route between the cradle 
and the coflBn — youth and age ? 

What is there beyond the thunder, where silence reigns and mystery 
dwells in the vast domain of space, above the atmosphere, whence no 
tidings come, though through it light finds passage from the sun and 
the sun-lighted satellites ? 

The danger is in the lightning which flashes its bolt before the voice 
of thunder is heard in the air in tones understood, not in warning, but 
in consequence of concussion overhead, the peril having already 
passed in the electric spark descended. 

And so we move, under the forces of nature above us, amid the 
forces of mankind round about us. After death comes the judgment 
which is to determine final destination and condition. 

In the distribution of territory and population over the globe, the 
hemisphere north of the equator, in land area and inhabitants, largely 
surpasses the hemisphere south of the equator, where there is vast 
expanse of waters. 

And in this connection pause at the fact, for a pregnant fact it is, 
that the two principal oceans which float the fleets of commerce pour 
their tides into the docks of American Union cities three thousand 
miles apart, east and west, thus opening direct ways over the waves 
east to Europe and Africa, and west to Asia and Australia ; and the 
reason is manifest why the nation of the United States must prevent 
the absorption of particular islands in or near mid-ocean, by powers 
greedy and grasping for their own exclusive aggrandizement, as they 
are envious and jealous lest nations outside of western Europe, whither 
European fulmination does not reach in force to command acknowl- 
edgment, may obtain foothold, where they themselves desire possess- 
ion ; and where the murmurs of the covetous only elicit defiance, for 
the United States will establish by treaty or otherwise precautions and 
accommodations adjusted to American interests and American com- 
mercial rights, throughout the open waters which wash all coasts and 
are free to all flags. 

An abstract right may be conceded in diplomatic correspondence, 
and its enjoyment be circumvented by crafty management; but gov- 
ernment is practical business, and a right to free navigation around 
the world implies the right to stop at way stations for supplies. 

What profit would a long line of railroad yield to its owners, with- 
out stopping places between its termini for traflSc, fuel and water ? 
And a water route to the antipodes in its necessities and needs for the 



26 

accommodation of its traflSc, in an operating sense, is the same as a 
continental route overland, because there are commercial courses be- 
tween continents as "svell as across continents ; and there are water 
divisions and land divisions in commercial girdles, as where paths for 
ships are drawn across waves on maps, or iron tracks for cars are laid 
across ties on the ground. 

Contemplate Russia outstretching from Behring Strait to the Baltic 
Sea, and the United States from Alaska to Maine, both inclusive, and 
count how many of the degrees of longitude, how many of the miles 
in the circumference of the earth, are within the jurisdiction of these 
two greatest and most favored by nature of the powers of earth, so 
different in their institutions, so steadfast in their friendship, each 
busied with its own business and manifest mission to admit new states 
or equivalent territory, and meantime make better the condition of 
the emancipated slave and serf, and so exalt one into a citizen, the 
other as a subject. 

After Russia shall have adjusted its boundaries and broken the 
bottle in Avhich European diplomacy would prolong its confinement, 
and shall have secured a way untrammelled by enemies to the Medi- 
terranean Sea and the Indian Ocean, and shall have realized its dream 
and aspiration in a completed railway to the north Pacific Ocean 
abreast of California, Oregon, Washington and Alaska, then will the 
power that emancipated the serfs liberalize its laws for the betterment 
of the hundred and more millions of homogeneous subjects concreted 
in the Russian race. 

Measure with the mind and compute with figures — the process 
needs no imagination — the actual material, industrial and educational 
progress made, each according to its opportunities and surroundings, 
by the United States and Russia in the hundred years gone by. 

Truly Washington and St. Petersburg are the capitals of the two 
concreted races destined to star parts on the stage where the drama 
of government is the play, and the actors and spectators are constit- 
uent parts of the passing generation moving on, anxious for better- 
ment here, hoping for betterment hereafter when the final goal is 
reached in the "Father's house" of "many mansions." 

Same time consider, too, the small area of the nations of western 
Europe, and wonder at the inflated ambition of its courts to extend 
empire with ironclads and firearms in far-away places ; and who can 
fail to recall empires out of the tomes of the past, founded on circum- 
scribed nationalities, afterward outspread by conquest, but which do 
not exist even in name, except between lids in volumes on the shelves 
in libraries, not on the desks in schools ? 



IMPORTS AND EXPORTS— FOREIGN TRADE. 

In international account with foreign nations — and colonies are 
foreign populations — the United States ought to be and can be a 
creditor nation. 

In truth, for a series of twelve years, ending June 30, 1887, the 
balance of foreign trade was uniformly in favor of the United States, 
and will be so again and continue so if Congress so elect and work 
to compass that end, through discrimination for protection in tariff 
legislation. 

For the year ended June 30, 1885 (President Cleveland's term 
commenced March 4, 1885, and ended March 3, 1889), the excess of 
exports over imports was ..... $164,662,426 

For the year ended June 30, 1888, the foreign trade international 
account stands thus : 
Total imports of merchandise, . . $723,957,114 



Total imports of gold and silver. 

Grand total of imports, 
Total exports of merchandise, 
Total exports of gold and silver, 

Grand total of exports, 



59,337,986 

$695,954,507 
46,414,183 



$783,295,100 



742,368,690 



Excess of imports over exports, .... $40,926,410 

Included in the sum of imports for the year ended June 30, 1888, 
is this astounding item, to wit: 

"Articles manufactured, ready for consumption," $144,804,155. 

This item of competitive manufactures imported in a twelvemonth 
ought to fire the indignation of the citizen, and move his wits to 
work in the right direction. 

To the bread-winner in America, the home market is of paramount 
importance, since outside markets everywhere are open to the prod- 
ucts of the lower-priced labor of overcrowded foreign lands. 



GREAT CITIES ARE NOT ON OCEAN SHORES. 

Washington at the first election for President of the United States 
under the Constitution received the unanimous electoral vote of ten 
states, not including New York, North Carolina or Rhode Island, the 
first named having failed to pass an electoral election law and the 
other two not having adopted the Constitution, was inaugurated in 
New York city April 30, 1789, a fact reaffirmed in its centennial 
celebration this present year. 

In the year 1790 the first United States census was taken ; total 



28 

population of the Union in that year, 3,929,214. The present popu- 
lation of Pennsylvania is not less than 5,250,000. This total is sur- 
passed by only one state of the Union, and outnumbers the population 
of not a few of the countries of the world. 

Ill North and South America, Mexico and Brazil are the only two 
nations that exceed the state of Pennsylvania in population. And 
in further proof that Pennsylvania is national in its proportions is 
the high-spire fact that it originates more tonnage and contributes 
more traffic to transportation lines than any other state ; that its 
railroad receipts are larger than any other state ; and that in the 
elements of material greatness it overshadows its neighbors. 

In 1888 seventy million tons of coal, anthracite and bituminous, in 
not very unequal proportions, and more than half the coal product 
of the Union, were mined in Pennsylvania ; to its coal add its deposits 
of iron ore and its marvellous petroleum and natural-gas wells, also 
its acreage of wheat, corn, tobacco and miscellaneous farm crops, 
cereal, root and fruit, and what a concentration and variegation of 
natural bounties is displayed in its utilized productions, found in its 
subterranean veins and reservoirs and gathered, cut and picked out 
of its soils and off its surface ! 

Philadelphia, the metropolis of Pennsylvania, founded by the founder 
of the state, for the state and city, begotten of the brain of William 
Penn, were born twins on the Delaware river, w^here they were both 
cradled and developed, the one into a colony which became a common- 
wealth, the other into a seaport city, the latter, in its first century, 
the birthplace and cradle of the Declaration of Independence and the 
Constitution of the United States, two events which stirred the hearts 
of mankind and started a new departure in the world's affairs. 

This city of Pennsylvania toleration and national independence, 
containing a million and a quarter of inhabitants, many of them housed 
in their own freehold homes, a conspicuous and distinguishing charac- 
teristic, is not equalled nor approached in number of dwelling-houses, 
nor in variety of handicraftsmen, by any city in America; is sur- 
passed in population by but one city in America, New York, and by 
only four cities in Europe, London, Paris, Berlin and Vienna, all 
four inland, distant from the ocean coast; is environed with farms of 
exceeding fertility and productiveness, from which places of plenty to 
the Philadelphia market the haul is short by wagon and car, and by 
boat, steam and sail, from river and bay landings ; the same, too, is 
true of the prolific peninsula between the Delaware and Chesapeake 
bays, comprising the state of Delaware, the eastern shore counties of 
Maryland and the Virginia triangle ending at Cape Charles, the whole 
region famous throughout the country for its peach-orchards, oyster- 



29 

beds, fisheries, farm staples and table supplies, and which enjoys 
"rapid transit" to Philadelphia for its perishable, canned and other- 
wise prepared food products. 

The marl belt on the New Jersey side of the Delaware river, into 
which tide-water streams penetrate, is a truck region which must be 
travelled through in saddle or on wheels to be understood and appre- 
ciated in its superabundance of crops, comprising garden and farm 
and orchard and vineyard staples, table delicacies, berries and fruits, 
from a cornstalk and ear of corn Illinois size, and watermelons and 
pumpkins big as bushels, to the smallest seed of aromatic plants. 

The ocean, distant sixty miles, or ninety minutes railway time, is 
near enough for pleasure and health seekers and sufficiently far away 
to assure quiet to guests who prefer not to be too near an ocean pier, 
where steamboats deliver excursionists, a thousand at a time, as at 
Long Branch, by steamboats from New York city ; and where the 
sojourner, if sensitive and unused to crowds, sometimes feels that he 
might as well be in the Bowery, in New York city, as on the bluff at 
Long Branch. 

Rowdyism travels on its muscle, not for recreation, but for a row, 
and thus a few riotous persons destroy the peace and comfort of a 
thousand people, especially women and children, who cannot be dis- 
turbed in a car as on a boat. 

The railway fare to Atlantic City is phenomenally small, and the 
railway service superb on competitive lines. 

With the ocean in front of its sandy beach, where the surf rolls and 
the breakers cast their white caps to the bathers, with salt meadows 
and salt bays in the rear, with inlets from the sea to the mainland and 
a navigable thoroughfare between the inlets, Atlantic City is insu- 
lated in salt water and salt air, like a diamond breastpin sparkling in 
a shirt bosom. 

And whilst Atlantic City is a popular Philadelphia resort in the 
summer months and earlier and later seasons, it numbers among its 
throng of guests thousands of cosmopolitan patrons. 

Moreover, the medical profession throughout the United States pre- 
scribe trips to Atlantic City to thousands of patients. It was founded 
in a true prophecy ; it was builded in a profound confidence. 

There is also excellent railway service from Philadelphia to Cape 
May and Long Branch and the many seaside resorts between these 
historical New Jersey beaches, both of which were settled by Philadei- 
phians. 

Pennsylvanians and Jerseymen may occasionally scold, but so do 
husband and wife, and brother and sister, and even sisters and broth- 
ers and lovers may scold each other ; but ebullition of temper does 



30 

not sunder family compact nor fraternal ties, and the beauty of temper 
where it is powdery is that it ends in smoke which clears away and is 
succeeded by reconciliation and forgiveness. 

Jerseymen make good Philadelphians ; and Pennsylvania and New 
Jersey, though divided by a water line, have the same geological for- 
mation above the head of the tide, and are concreted to stay concreted 
according to the law of wedlock and physical nature. 

The Delaware river and bay are available for aquatic sports and for 
cheap excursions by steamboat to the Delaware breakwater at the 
ocean gate, distance one hundred miles, salt water most of the way, 
or for shorter distances up and down the river in any kind of craft. 

Philadelphia, furthermore, has in its rear not only the state of 
Pennsylvania, which is the equivalent of a nation of respectable rank 
among the powers, but including it, the first vertebra in the backbone, 
a continent three thousand miles across from Atlantic tidewater in the 
Delaware river ship channel, to the Pacific Ocean where California, 
Oregon and Washington, three splendid states, border the coast ; the 
whole of which vast area is open throughout to interstate intertrade ; 
is covered with a web, not of spiderwork, but of permanent mechanism 
comprising half the railway mileage of the world, and providing trans- 
portation facilities for safe, sure and swift communication to the cities 
and towns which dot the map of the states, between the far-apart east 
and west ocean boundary lines, available in peace and in war for 
prompt delivery of freights and the conveyance of passengers and 
troops on fast time. 

San Diego, San Francisco, Columbia river, Puget Sound, are the 
terminals of continental railway routes ; and at the east every seaport 
from Galveston to Portland has railway connection with the national 
network, and so the courses of trade ramify the entire system from 
sea to sea, from the colony of Canada to the republic of Mexico. 

Havre, on the English channel, is the seaport of Paris, the city of 
world-wide attraction and fame. Hamburg, on a river of the North 
Sea basin, is the seaport of Berlin, the capital of Germany. Trieste, 
on the Adriatic, is the seaport of Austria. London, the wonder-city 
in population and size, in concentrated trade and accumulated wealth, 
is fifty miles up the river Thames, and three hundred and fifty miles 
distant from the Atlantic Ocean at the mouth of the English channel, 
making from London a roundabout route for its immense shipping 
trade, to get outside and outsight of land, where all ways are open on 
the waters. No city ever approached London in its promiscuous 
trade and miscellaneous transactions. 

Philadelphia is a city in the midst of its evcry-day market supply, 
which is often in overflow quantity from the surrounding country. 



31 

Let any intelligent man reconnoitre the marl belt from Bordentown 
to Salem ; the market trains and market boats which arrive from the 
South at the river docks and the railway depots ; then start out from 
the Broad Street station westward through Chester, Lancaster and 
Dauphin counties to Harrisburg, where from Capitol Hill he can look 
across the Susquehanna river into the mountain-bounded and ore- 
ballasted Cumberland valley, celebrated for its limestone lands ; from 
Harrisburg, having looked beyond without going beyond, let him turn 
back homeward through the Lebanon section of the matchless Kitta- 
tinny valley past the inexhaustible Cornwall iron-ore hills to Reading, 
the chief city of teeming Berks county ; thence, looking to the right 
and left, down the Schuylkill valley to the city ; and after such a cir- 
cuit he will the better understand and appreciate why Philadelphia is 
the forecasted London of America in future time ; but without the 
poverty and pauperism of the mighty emporium on the Thames, where 
royalty and nobility luxuriate in affluence, and a dynastic court with 
patronage and power reproves, in the contrast it presents, the misery 
caused by lack of food; and where the wonders visible are the works 
of men "in trade," in finance, commerce and manufactures, "British 
interests " which are the Briton's pride. The court may draw the 
fashion line at "trade;" but without "trade" in London, what 
would become of fashion at Windsor ? That nobility is the test of 
fashion and royalty, the proof of " divine right," are pleas which Avill 
perish by the ballot when the governed govern for themselves. Castes 
will be recast without label, and merit be made a legal tender for ad- 
mission through all doors. 

What parts of France and Belgium and Holland are to London in 
the vital and transcendent matter of daily market food supply — for 
where there are empty food stalls there are famine faces — New Jersey 
and Delaware are to the daily market food supply of Philadelphia. 
The market sights in Philadelphia on the dawn of market days, in its 
market-houses, along its docks and at its depots, are among the food- 
supply wonders of the day — witnesses of its unbounded capacity for 
the subsistence of millions of population at minimum cost. And 
rapid as is its increase of indwellers, it is less rapid than the increase 
of food products in territory tributary to it. This is a consideration 
which cannot be belittled nor ignored, and it is a consideration that is 
not overlooked by those who survey the seaboard for a site, before 
they pitch a tent and plan an establishment. 

The immense sugar refinery of Claus Spreckels, the California 
millionaire at the head of the Pacific coast sugar trade, now nearing 
completion on the Delaware river below the old navy yard, a com- 
manding and unsurpassed location, combining defensible proximity to 



32 

the ocean by a deep and broad ship channel with transportation 
proximity in mileage to the seaboard cities and along the Allegheny 
slope, and proximity in railway time to Pittsburgh and Erie City and 
throughout the Mississippi valley to Denver and St. Paul and the re- 
gion of the lakes to Duluth, is an illustration of the fact that there is 
a logical sequence to united advantages, appurtenances, facilities and 
ground space for operations on a grand scale, as there is a logical se- 
quence to sound premises in an argument urged by an able pleader 
in fitting words. 

Claus Spreckels grasped the situation on the Pacific, and builded 
successfully on his plans. 

Claus Spreckels grasped the situation on the Atlantic, examined 
New York and Baltimore, and out of the assorted circumstances, 
measured, weighed and marked, followed the conclusion that Philadel- 
phia filled his specifications, material and mental. 

Jefferson said, " Error of opinion may be safely tolerated where 
reason is left free to combat it." 

Philadelphia is a city of toleration ; and if error of opinion lead 
an investor on his travels to make first choice of another place on 
tidewater, north or south, reason, left free to combat the error, is 
sure to counsel transfer to Philadelphia as a better base for fiscal re- 
habilitation, as it is emphatically the best place for investment in a 
new enterprise intended to be permanently useful and successful. 

INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL TRADE. 

The trade of England in predominant part is with its own colonies 
and foreign nations, and therefore is external trade with foreigners 
and colonial subjects ; the English home market, being circumscribed 
in square miles, and overflowing with redundant population of min- 
imum per capita means, including a large percentage of bread-winners 
on low wages, not a small part of the time unemployed, does not con- 
sume a moiety of the manufactured products offered for sale in the 
home kingdom. 

Hence Great Britain is constrained to seek abroad buyers of its 
maiiufactures, and rely on foreign countries for more than a moiety 
of its food necessities ! Food for a fortnight is about the limit of 
supply on hand, a short period to withstand a blockage or a disturb- 
ance of the carrying trade, with ironclads and roving privateers. 

The possibilities of war are unknown ; the cost of war in life, debt 
arnd tax is understood and felt. What may happen between a decla- 
ration of war and a treaty of peace is not forecasted, cannot be fore- 
seen. 



33 

The French Republic was tin unexpected consequence of the 
German-Franco war of 1870-71, alike to emperors Napoleon and 
William, both of whom were imperialists, whose mutual trust was in 
standing armies for unlimited lease of power, not in privilege ignor- 
ing constitutions, for throne foundations. 

What may come next out of the womb of time, which has miracu- 
lous power of conception, and is pregnant at present, is beyond the 
ken of humankind ; and this ignorance of what may be in ambush, 
front or rear, or front and rear, is one of the principal causes why, in 
Europe, " the dogs of war" are held with leashes round their necks. 

The right and wrong of war, the morality of war, the verdict of 
the witness generation and the judgment of God are unheeded moni- 
tors of conscience where personal ambition is rampant, as when Louis 
Napoleon ordered the coup d'etat of December 2, 1851, in Paris; and 
are considerations unconsidered where dynastic interests are para- 
mount and opportunity to gratify covetousness by conquest and cap- 
ture of spoils makes success seem sure ; as by the wresting of Sles- 
wick and Holstein from Denmark by Germany, and the occupation of 
the diamond fields in Africa, and the seizure of the ruby mines in 
Burmah, by England. 

The trade of the United States, in overwhelming preponderance 
part, is internal trade, reciprocal throughout the states, from which 
the undertakers, not the doctors, have removed nearly all the warts 
which, surgeons say, are the pin-headed pimples of the "lost cause" 
incapacitated for reconstruction by reason of mental " cussedness," 
and unfitness for any use except to talk in Congress in favor of free 
trade, sugar-coated and called by another name ; and where the con- 
creted population, representing all the states, in receipt of better pay, 
buy and consume, per head, more merchandise, comprising clothing 
and food, than any other people under the sun, moon and stars. And, 
besides, the population of the Union is now so large and is increasing 
so rapidly that the urban centres, cities and towns, large and small, 
seaboard and inland, where trade and manufactures furnish employ- 
ment, constitute the most reliable, only permanent and very best mar- 
kets for the consumption of the products of American agriculture. 

The nations of the earth are known to each other, and their areas, 
like town lots, are diagramed and recorded. Habits and customs, re- 
sources, religion, forms of government, and all things that pertain to 
political and social condition, are the common property of mankind, 
accessible to the student, which word, in America, includes everybody 
who reads the tariff talks in Congress, and the news from everywhere, 
of everything retrogressive or progressive. The student is excelsior, 
propria persona, who continues on the march so long as he can see 
3 



34 

ahead, reconnoitre the surroundings, digest the situation, and till com- 
manded to halt at the gate of the next world, "the bourne whence no 
traveller returns." 

Nowhere, so well as in the American Union, do the sojourners on 
earth enjoy the blessings of life. 

The Union is one family of states and territories, born in constitu- 
tional wedlock. The bagpipe in its legislative halls, where modest 
men do the work, and fifes in newspaper offices, may be blown to make 
a noise, but there is no wall to fall down, as when Gabriel sounded 
his trumpet at Jericho. 

MANCHESTER SHIP CANAL, ENGLAND. 

The states east of the Mississippi river are importers of wheat from 
states west of the mighty waterway. The wheat growers of India, 
Russia, Roumania and other foreign countries which compete Avith 
American wheat in Europe do not seek, for they could not find, a 
market in the United States. 

Manchester, England, which is the commercial centre of a manu- 
facturing region dotted with industrial towns in excess of any other 
locality of same surface in densely-peopled England, is building at 
prodigious cost a ship canal to* the Mersey river, thereby to give Man- 
chester independent communication with the Irish Sea and St. George 
Channel past Liverpool, without break of cargo, in ocean steamship or 
coasting craft. In a Avord, to make Manchester a seaport independ- 
ent of Liverpool, which succeeded and supplanted Chester on the Dee. 

And the very large sum it cost Manchester to obtain the necessary 
authorization from Parliament to build, with its own money, a ship 
canal to give it independence of Liverpool, and lower freights on im- 
ported raw material, as, for instance, cotton in bale, and also on manu- 
factures for export, is matter for contrast and commentary on the 
British boast of free trade. Liverpool has long enjoyed capacious 
shipping docks ; but Liverpool objected to Manchester having ship- 
ping docks, though Manchester, Avith its contiguous and surrounding 
suburbs, in population outnumbers Liverpool and its neighborhood. 

To be sure, Manchester is farther than Liverpool from the ocean 
as Philadelphia is farther than Ncav York city from the ocean ; but 
Manchester and Philadelphia have each a surrounding population, 
Avhilst Liverpool and New York may be considered vestibule cities 
with bulk windows dressed for show, Liverpool with English goods 
for export to America, New Y'^ork Avith foreign goods imported for 
American consumption. It is for its imports of foreign merchandise 
that NeAV York city is most distinguished. Foreign trade is its ine- 



35 

briatinir stimulant; and when it shall have been weaned from that 
vice, it may prefer to change its foreign base to an American base, 
and become as national and patriotic in its politics as it was enthusi- 
astic and demonstrative during the three days devoted to the centen- 
nial celebration of Washington's inauguration, of which April 30, 
1889, was the hundredth anniversary, notwithstanding New York did 
not vote for Washington, nor cast its vote, at the first election for 
President of the United States. On its allegiance to protection New 
York city may make itself a mart of American manufactures and 
cease to pose in the role of star mart of foreign goods, and no longer 
spout a gas-well of non-illuminating foreign opinion on the leading 
topic in American affairs. 

New York state, however, in political pounds avoirdupois is an 
American matron with an American face above an American heart, 
expressive of conscience and faith ; but the politics of its transitory 
free-trade metropolis are so offensive that they afflict the country with 
snivels akin catarrh in the nose. Tammany costs its state matron, 
not its patron saint, many handkerchiefs. 

PENNSYLVANIA THE KEYSTONE OF THE ARCH OVER 
THE NATIONAL PASS AND PASSAGE-WAY. 

In Pennsylvania the letter P prevails in the alphabet, inasmuch as 
it stands for Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, protection, 
prosperity and progress. Pennsylvania, homogeneous, happy and 
content in its place in the arch, in the books and on the map, and 
animated with a mutual state pride and national pride, which jointly 
possess the quality of the sun of always keeping warm, never growing 
cold, is bounded by six abutting neighbor states of fraternal affilia- 
tions and sympathetic aspirations, social, matrimonial and commercial. 
Reciprocity pervades and surrounds Pennsylvania with congenial 
family ties and harmonious trade relations. 

It has three far-apart border ports on three divergent navigations : 
Philadelphia, its metropolis, seaport and transatlantic mart ; Pitts- 
burgh, at the head of the Ohio river, its gate to the Mississippi valley ; 
Eric city, on Lake Erie, the distributing basin of the inland lakes. 
These three ports, ocean, river and lake — Atlantic, Mississippi, St. 
Lawrence — are all in political accord on the vital question in political 
economy applied to American matters, to stop the downslide from the 
American summit of citizen manhood to the starvation sub-cellar of 
the European subject. 

Agriculture and manufactures, it may be repeated, are the pillars 
of the arch of states, of which Pennsylvania was baptized the Key- 



36 

stone when the thirteen Athmtic coast colonies were made thirteen 
independent states, and of which "arc of triumph" every state is a 
supporting part, concreted to withstand pressure and weight, storm 
and time. And by which awarded and affirmed designation, Penn- 
sylvania was known through the century following the Declaration 
of Independence, and still bears and is proud of and will cling to and 
uphold, because it is appropriate and belongs to her, the original arch 
of states having meanwhile been raised higher on its pillars, with 
emblematic stones typical of new states admitted into the Union fold, 
and the Keystone lifted up a loftier wedge in its exalted place ; till 
now forty-two states span the continent and support the constitution, 
and territorial candidates are knocking for admission as states at the 
doors of the Capitol at Washington, well aware that the capacity of 
the national household is not full nor limited, for possibilities may 
open its doors to neighbors, of a generation wiser than the present, 
anxious to come in and be baptized American citizens. 

Pennsylvania is the pass and passage-way figuratively spanned by 
the arch of states, not between mountains but between waters, at 
Philadelphia and Erie city, one a gateway open on a ship channel to 
the seacoast and the world, the other a gateway open to the national 
reservoirs of fresh water and internal trade, between Oswego and 
Duluth, terminal ports of American lake navigation. 

Human nature responds to the glory of the rainbow in the heavens, 
and love of country inspires admiration of the ideal arch of the states, 
across the union pass and passage-way in Pennsylvania ; for under 
the arch and between its pillars, the pass always an open passage-way, 
are all the overland routes of transportation and travel, railroads and 
all roads on Union ground between' Boston and San Francisco, New 
York and New Orleans ; or in other words, between the East and 
North, comprising New York and New England, and the South and 
West ; and by the " West" is meant the vast territory west of the main 
summit of the Allegheny mountain Avater-shed in Pennsylvania, con- 
tinued thence along the Allegheny main summit to the south boundary 
of Tennessee, the rainfall dividing line between the Atlantic slope 
and the Mississippi basin, where the East ends and the West begins; 
and the South, consisting of the nine contiguous coast-bound states, 
including the cotton belt, between the Potomac river and the Rio 
Grande river boundary of Texas, with Norfolk, Charleston, Savannah, 
Mobile, New Orleans and Galveston for its export cities, six important 
tidewater outlets on the Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico. 

West Point too, at the head of York river or estuary, is sure to 
command increasing consideration as a Virginia shipping port and 
tidewater terminus of south and west railways. 



37 

Geographically and in every national and patriot sense, Independ- 
ence Hall in Philadelphia, the national Capitol in Washington and 
the tomb of Washington at Mount Vernon are shrines in the heart 
of citizenship. And if Virginia had kept on as she started out, and 
as her early statesmen mapped out for her guidance, how different 
indeed would be her influence and rank in the Union to-day ! 

NEW JERSEY AND CALIFORNIA THE BUCKLE STATES 
OF THE UNION WAISTBAND. 

The states dovetailed in the Union shield when, thirteen in num- 
ber, they framed and ratified the Constitution and inaugurated George 
Washington first President ; and the states dovetail now, when they 
number forty-two, under Benjamin Harrison, twenty-third President, 
time one hundred years. 

On the waistband of the Union New Jersey is letter A and Cal- 
ifornia letter Z — two good states to buckle and keep the waistband 
tight and preserve the symmetry of the body politic. New York state 
(except Manhattan Island) is in fraternal relationship and accord with 
the New England states and with Pennsylvania and the chessboard 
of great states westward across the continent, and outweighs in influ- 
ence and outcounts in ballots the dead-meat majority which Manhattan 
Island casts into the election balance for foreign account. 

New York state did so outweigh New York city in 1888, and will 
do likewise in 1892 ; for the foreign plea of free trade is not a graft 
to change the fruit of our American tree, nor will foreign free-trade 
seed reproduce its kind in protection American soil. 

Agriculture and manufactures understand each other, and have a 
common stake in the United States; whereas the interests of free 
trade are identified with manufacturers in Europe, who covet the 
American market, but take care to order breadstuff's from India, the 
Black Sea and the Danube, or anywhere else, if the price be a cent a 
bushel under the American rate. Western farmers know and under- 
stand this foreign trade custom, and emissaries and asents of foreio-n- 
ers in New Y'ork city cannot controvert a truth which printed market 
reports make public. 

Time halts for nobody on the road, nor does it send back to inquire 
who was left on the way, but leaves casualties to the doctor and after 
him the undertaker. 

Meanwhile the prodigal sons of secession, or the sons of the ardent 
sons of secession, will have returned to the father's house or the 
grandfather's house, to receive a greeting and a blessing, also pocket- 
money and a full meal, in outfit for a fresh start under a new dispen- 



38 

sation, with a new set of books. And more tlian this what can a 
young man expect who yearns to start out on his travels, not to tra- 
verse a pedigree, but to earn a livelihood and probably make a fortune 
and a name ? 

THE ERIE CANAL AND WALL STREET. 

The Erie Canal, a principal artery of the system of artificial water- 
ways which succeeded the turnpikes and common roads, has had its 
triumphs and survives its best days. And artificial cities, founded or 
forced too fast on its performances and promises, though still groAving 
in some of their limbs, are meantime decaying in some of their roots 
and top twigs. And the butcher-broker of the Wall Street market, 
where the abattoir for the slaughter of corporation bonds and stocks 
is called the Stock Exchange, will throw away his cleaver and with 
his knife in a sheath make for the woods to corral Indians for a wild- 
west campaign, showing wherein is the difference between uncivilized 
scalping in the Rockies and civilized skinning n Wall Street. 

The bull and bear still seesaw the stock board, but the public dis- 
trust Wall Street and its ways, and hence transactions foot smaller 
totals than in yore times. 

At the same time, it is not amiss to consider that the buying and 
selling of capital shares on a margin is nothing more than a phase 
of credit which has a face with all the typical features, for where 
there is trade there is speculation, present or near; but speculation 
on credit — and the superstructure of business is credit, whatsoever 
may be its base — is altogether different from the crimes against prop- 
erty committed by wrecking credit to cause depreciation, justify fore- 
closure and reorganization, and call the process financiering with suc- 
cess ; and without fear of the penitentiary, which may have its entrance 
toward the court of law, with a byway between where wolves in lambs' 
wool may walk, without molestation from the judiciary or the church. 

BANK CLEARING-HOUSE RETURNS. 

The clearing-house returns of the banks only include payments 
made with checks which are deposited in bank and go through the 
clearing-house. The clearing-house returns compass about one half 
the total transactions in trade. 

Nevertheless, an exhibit of the gross clearances of the principal 
clearing-houses of the United States, for the year ending December 
31, 1888, is interesting, instructive and suggestive; showing, first, 
that New York city, the principal custom-house of valuation and 
undervaluation of dutiable imports and the lie;id(|uarters of the Stock 



39 

Exchange, where bankers and brokers congregate as in London, Paris 
and Berlin — the three principal bourses in Europe — is at present 
paramount in clearing-house returns; that second is Boston, the 
counting-house of Massachusetts and the hub of New England; that 
third is Philadelphia, the city of homes and the hive of assorted occu- 
pations in the wage and fee and salary-earning professions and trades, 
in all the mechanic and fine arts and learned professions ; that fourth 
is Chicago, the present conspicuous lake port and liveliest mart of 
overland traffic by railway train in the booming West and Northwest ; 
that fifth is St. Louis, foremost in western river annals as the focus of 
steamboat navigation on the majestic Mississippi and its lengthy trib- 
utaries ; the emporium of a state munificently endowed by nature, 
sure to develop and increase in more rapid ratio after it shall have 
weeded out of Congress its disingenuous doctrinaire misrepresent- 
atives and decided to cast its vote and influence for its own behoof in 
favor of protective duties on foreign imports. 

In the zone of states on the fortieth parallel, next to California 
Missouri is the largest in size ; it is the pivotal state in the Mississippi 
basin, was organized as a territory in 1812, and was admitted into the 
Union as a state in 1821. It is the oldest state west of the Missis- 
sippi river, except Louisiana. It was a long time represented in the 
Senate of the United States by Thomas H. Benton, an able, patriotic 
and far-sighted statesman, who rendered his country distinguished 
service, and made Missouri a conspicuous state as Henry Clay made 
Kentucky a conspicuous state, as Andrew Jackson made Tennessee a 
conspicuous state, as Daniel Webster made Massachusetts a conspic- 
uous state, and as John C. Calhoun made South Carolina a conspicu- 
ous state, all in the same generation. And when the public charac- 
ters named (except the last) passed away, they left a fragrance of 
gallantry and popularity about the names of their states which clings 
to them still, albeit the succeeding (present) generation has seen fit to 
put in some of their places undersize successors. 

Names stand for states, except that Washington and Grant stand 
for more than a state each, in embodiment of the nation. 

Among mankind Washington and Grant stand for America, and 
America, in brevity, means the United States. 

But the fact that Missouri seems to prefer the politics of Arkansas 
and Kentucky to the states in confraternity east, north and west of 
Missouri, suggests a comatose condition of mind or a "hindsight" 
crookedness of vision not found up the Ohio north side, nor up the 
Mississippi either side, nor up the Missouri either side, where the 
states all voted the Harrison and protection ticket in 1888, and where 
industry and enterprise enjoy the rewards and blessings of prosperity 
and plenty. 



40 

Missouri is a midland state with a market round about it, open 
to railroads and rivers, available in all directions for the cheap trans- 
portation of its farm products and stores of mineral wealth. 

That Missouri will ultimately move to the side to which its material 
interests gravitate is manifest, because it has two important cities, 
St. Louis and Kansas City, one at either end, like Philadelphia and 
Pittsburgh in Pennsylvania ; and out of its two principal centres of 
trade and intelligence will radiate a warm proselyting public opinion 
in favor of protection in behalf and behoof of agriculture and man- 
ufactures, the pillars of the arch of states. 

The statement which follows suffices to show how Philadelphia 
stands among the cities west of the Hudson river in the 



Philadelphia, 
Baltimore, . 
Pittsburgh, . 
Cincinnati, . 
St. Louis, . 
Kansas City, 
Denver, 



BANK CLEARANCE ACCOUNT FOR 1888. 

. $3,204,139,077 



^620,587,730 
581,580,645 
495,733,675 
900,478,878 
421,725,956 
134,349,418 



Six cities, Chesapeake Bay to Rocky 
Mountains, . . . , 



3,154,456,302 



Philadelphia over all six cities, .... 49,682,775 

For the half year commencing January 1 and ending June 30, 
1889, the account, compiled from the same authority, is as under, 
to Avit : 



Philadelphia, 
Baltimore, . 
Pittsburgh, . 
Cincinnati, . 
St. Louis, . 
Kansas City, 
Denver, 



[,783,051,735 



309,748,714 
315,348,474 

276,926,850 
475,439,717 
220,726,525 

88,111,934 



-$1,686,302,214 



Philadelphia over six cities named, . . . $96,749,521 

It will be seen that Pittsburgh outranks Baltimore and Cincin- 
nati — a substantial advance for Pittsburgh, which is now one of the 
three principal cities between the Allegheny and Rocky mountains. 



41 

For Philadelphia and Chicago the half-year figures between same 
dates, January 1 to June 30, 1889, are — 

Philadelphia, $1,783,051,735 

Chicago, 1,597,821,009 



Difference in favor of Philadelphia, . . . $185,230,726 

The evidences of accumulation of invested capital in Philadelphia 
are conspicuous in the lofty structures in dissimilar styles of arch- 
itecture, on a costly but same time utilitarian scale, considering adapt- 
ation to use, recently erected, in progress or under contract, in the 
financial, insurance and mercantile quarter of the old city ; and for 
witnesses of the expansion and outspread of the suburbs, there are 
thousands of new dwelling-houses and scores of establishments, arsenals 
and armories for artisans, in the campaign of domestic productions 
against alien importations, and which typical Pennsylvania institu- 
tions of industry were built for the manufacture of staples and mis- 
cellaneous materials by the assortment trades, including dry-goods, 
jewelry, mathematical and musical instruments, machinery and ships, 
furniture, articles of iron and other metals, male and female apparel, 
chemicals and dyes, medicines, stimulants and tonics, heaters and 
stoves and multitudinous novelties and notions ; and where orders 
are filled for commercial travellers on the road and for dealers near 
by and distant, as easily as contracts and sales are made in the stores, 
agencies and offices here in the city, where protection has a constit- 
uency educated to the standard interests of the people of the com- 
monwealth and country. 

COTTON IN PAST TIME, IRON IN PRESENT TIME. 

Without manufactures to employ men and stimulate trade in cities 
and towns, languishing indeed would be the condition of agriculture 
in the United States, as in agricultural countries destitute of man- 
ufactures. 

In gone-by slavery times, prior to secession and rebellion, obit- 
uaried in the books, the cotton planter was in outlay oftentimes ahead 
of income, whereby he virtually mortgaged his next forthcoming crop 
to his creditors, and was often behindhand, short of funds. 

The plantation owner of cotton lands and slaves did not sympathize 
with employer and employe in the manufacturing arts who manip- 
ulated the fibrous products of the field into the textile fabrics of the 
loom, thus putting the planter, weaver and wearer, three factors in 
the market, in concordant reciprocation. The planter preferred to 
perpetuate acreage reign in agricultural area, to artisan rule in city 



42 

and town mills and machine-shops. He sold cotton in bale as export 
raw material, and bought it back again in imported calico, muslin and 
thread, the original exported bale on its return converted into im- 
ported goods, realizing to the foreigner many times its raw cost, to 
offset the expense for labor employed in manipulation and cover 
profit for alien manufacturer and importing merchant. 

No wonder capital did not accumulate in southern cotton export 
cities, as in cities east and Avest of the centre of total population of 
the Union in Ohio, nor that the old cotton states, where nullification 
was insidious treason and secession became armed rebellion, were 
outirrown by states not better endowed with natural resources, but 
more willing to co-operate in handiwork in useful pursuits, and so 
compass higher and more lasting results in the premiums which insure 
risk and reward enterprise. 

Had the southern cotton states embarked in cotton manufactures 
■when the New England states did, New England would not to-day so 
far lead the South in invested Avealth and prospering industry. 

But now that Virginia, Tennessee, Georgia and Alabama are gar- 
nering gains out of manufacturing and mining ventures, particularly 
in the manipulation of cotton and iron and in mining coal, the pros- 
pect is that the noisiest of the tarift-tinkering agitators will be rel- 
egated to private life and disbarred from lobby practice; and that 
the policy of protection for protection will be made stable in con- 
gressional enactment, wisely a<ljusted to the interests of the country 
in its entirety, thus to save the millions of toiling men and women in 
America from the cheerless fate of the outnumbering bread-winners 
of overcrowded western Europe. 

Surely there is no reason, unless it be that a little of the leaven 
of secession left " leaveneth the whole lump" of a state, why Del- 
aware, Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia, Kentucky, Missouri, Ar- 
kansas, continue in opposition and antagonism to Pennsylvania, Ohio, 
Indiana, Illinois, Iowa, Nebraska, Kansas, all waistband states, all 
parallel, contiguous or near each other. And why do Tennessee, 
Georgia and Alabama put themselves and keep themselves in the 
scale of a balance opposite to Michigan, Wisconsin and Minnesota? 

These three lake states all contain iron ore in quantity bordering on 
inexhaustibility, and which yields a large percentage of metallic iron. 
Consequently in the important matter of iron ore the three herein 
called gulf states, if they equal, certainly have no advantage over, 
the lake states, which latter, in addition to railroad transportation, 
have lake navigation to Cleveland, Ashtabula, Erie city and Buftalo, 
distributing lake ports, for their iron-ore trade, which is large in 
reiiiisylvania, where fuels ulxiuiid, and reniinn'rative to ore owners. 



43 

And against cotton, corn and coal in the three gulf states named, 
the three lake states named can offset copper, wheat and salt, import- 
ant staples in both cases, and not conflicting in market. 

In trade affairs all the states named, twenty in number, affiliate and 
commingle. In politics one side evinces intolerance of opposition to 
its own way, notwithstanding all men of sense know that competition 
and rivalry between states or between cities and among individuals, 
in trade, is desirable and wholesome. Nothing is solid that has 
quicksand under it ; nothing is disguised that is seen through, with 
eyes not closed nor too blind for penetration. The rebellion was 
plotted in treason to the Union, and ended in the destruction of the 
institution it was inaugurated to perpetuate and was made a corner- 
stone in a reactionary government which collapsed. 

The Cleveland platform in 1888, in its "revenue reform" plank, 
which was free trade understood, was a conspiracy against the indus- 
tries of the east and west states, and the thinking ballot expressed 
that conviction at the polls. True, Europe may be canvassed here- 
after, as heretofore, for funds for a campaign in America, and for 
fees for peculiar service in special cases ; but in the American Union 
the citizen voter is progressive, and campaign literature, carefully 
and thoughtfully prepared, is spread out in newspapers, pamphlets and 
circulars, and the seeds of information are thus sown broadcast over 
the land. Hence American citizens are not to be duped or cajoled, 
many at a time, on a subject so easily understood as the necessity of 
protection to American employers and employes in the American 
market, against foreign countries where mute animals on four feet 
receive tenderer care than chattel subjects on two legs. 

BETWEEN PITTSBURGH AND DENVER, FROM 
ST. PAUL TO NEW ORLEANS. 

The states of the Mississippi basin, between Pittsburgh and Den- 
ver, across twenty-four degrees of longitude, and between St. Paul 
and New Orleans, across fifteen degrees of latitude, in that distance 
intersecting a wheat belt, a corn belt, a tobacco belt, a cotton belt 
and a sugar belt, are collectively distinguished for the variety and 
abundance of their agricultural productions, and also for mineral re- 
sources, which include iron for n:iachinery and coal for domestic fuel 
and steam-power — two elements of strength in manufactures, in 
transportation and in the household, already developed in many 
places, with capacity for increase in reserve. 

These politically-interlocked and socially-intermarried 'states are 
ramified with rivers, comprising the Mississippi and its branches, the 



44 

latter themselves important streams, in a vast system of steamboat 
navigation ; and with railways, trunk lines with feeders and trib- 
utaries running here, there and everywhere, spreading over the 
matchless inland basin an aspect of homogeneous fellowship favorable 
to reciprocity in intercourse and mutuality in intertrade. 

Steamboats carry between Pittsburgh and St. Paul, river-head 
water-gates, and New Orleans the river-mouth gulf-port, and inter- 
mediate river-side cities and towns ; and locomotives haul between 
Pittsburgh and Denver and everywhere else, between the two oceans 
and between Canada and Mexico. 

In the Union, the Mississippi basin is the body-part or engine- 
room, between the collar bone and pelvis, and is as vital to the parts 
above the neck and below the navel as those motor and locomotive 
parts are to the whole physiological organization ; for dismemberment 
of the Union, as is known to everybody from Maine to California, 
would be followed by destruction, whereas the totality of the Union 
is the source and cause of its strength and promise. The Union is 
not a crock of clay to be broken on the loss of one battle, whether 
fought with the bayonet or ballot, as England was lost at the battle 
of Hastings, where William the Conqueror defeated Harold, the last 
of the Saxon kings ; next ascended the English throne, and granted 
estates confiscated from the Saxons to his Norman barons. 

The disaster at Bull Run, in the beginning of the rebellion, sur- 
prised but did not discourage the loyal states of the Union. On the 
contrary, it roused the loyal states to appreciation of the conflict 
commenced, and to a determination to push hostilities to the " bitter 
end," a resolve confirmed in the collapse of the confederacy at 
Appomattox, four years afterwards. 

The people of the loyal states, which remained the United States, 
were steadfiist in purpose, made sacrifices without stint or hesitation, 
and not only was the Union preserved intact, but more states have 
since been added to it; and so again the Union is one happy family, 
wherein perhaps there may be occasional local jars, as "in the best- 
regulated families," but no more war, save for vindication against a 
trespassing foreign power, Avhen every state will have its quota in the 
army of the United States, fighting under the national flag, which is 
the same to-day, with stars added for more states, that it was when the 
Continental Congress adopted it and Washington unfurled it in the 
field. 

CUSTOM-HOUSES. 

I. Custom-houses are filters and sieves of foreign imports, estab- 
lished to detect, prevent and punish smuggling, fraud and under- 



valuation ; and ought also to be filters and sieves of immigrants, to 
let the worthy through under safeguards, and stop aboard ship and 
turn back convicts, paupers, incurables, anarchists, nihilists and all 
others unworthy of admission and unfit for citizenship, at ports of 
entry and along the Dominion of Canada line ; the latter a crooked 
treaty fence where it is a national nuisance, a Mason and Dixon line 
of discord and delusion, doomed to disappear like its prototype blotted 
from the map when slavery disappeared. One signified slavery south 
of it ; the other signifies colonial subjection, a purgatorial condition, 
north of it. 

II. Custom-houses are sluices in dykes, put there to shut auto- 
maticall}'- against incoming flood-tide and prevent overflow, and also 
to open to ebb-tide and let out leakage and give exit to outbound 
backwater. Sluices accommodate, both ways, tidal action due to a 
natural cause. 

Per contra, excessive imports from Europe flood New York city, and 
turn the currents of trade against their natural course, till the land 
is inundated with foreign merchandise ; whereupon the exportation of 
imports landed on speculation and not levied on nor subject to forced 
sale causes the accumulation to recede and the currents of trade to 
resume their natural course and normal watermark. 

Afterwards, when a small stock in government storehouses and the 
hands of jobbers again stimulates imports of foreign merchandise, 
and another glut of the market ensues, there of course follows turn 
and counterturn of the current in business streams. 

Spring and fall freshets are benefactions of nature that bless the 
hills where the rain falls and the valleys in whose laps additional 
depth of river makes navigation cheap and safe. But excessive im- 
ports, that flood and glut the market and disturb and derange business 
and cause stoppage of establishments and put employes on idle time, 
are the consequence of imperfect laws and faulty rulings, which 
amendment and discrimination would cure. 

III. Custom-houses are toll-stations with collectors, appraisers and 
inspectors, to levy and exact government dues, to provide funds for 
Congress to appropriate for the army and navy, fortifications, arsenals, 
rivers and harbors, shipyards, vessels of war, armaments, commissary 
stores and the civil service; and same time make the laws they admin- 
ister a defence and protection to home industry, from the depressing 
eff"ects of alien underpay, in competitive opposition foreign countries. 

IV. Custom-houses are not forts with garrisons and guns, to resist 
attack and make enemies, predisposed to aggression, hesitate before 
hostilities, but tribunals established to enforce acts of Congress and 
treaties in operation, embodied in a code comprising the tarift' laws 



46 

passed and tlie precautions prescribed for the regulation of foreign 
trade, and for intercourse with foreign nations. 

V. Custom-houses have gateways which open for the admission of 
imports and the departure of exports ; but the tide runs in quicker 
than the tide runs out; and the foreign market, overfull of the pro- 
ducts of European labor, is like a pool that overflows its dam and 
floods the valley below with storm-water ; for Europe sends hither its 
accumulated merchandise, and so shifts its burden and turns it into 
cash, the duties payable, undervaluation considered, being incongru- 
ous and insufficient to counterbalance the diff'erence in wages paid 
abroad and here; the transit of goods, too, in steamships this way, 
whither they come with passengers and ballast freights, for homeward 
cargoes of American staples, is so nearly nominal that merchandise 
for America crosses the ocean almost as free as water passes through 
canal locks when the chamber gates are open. 

Hence it is the duty of officials, in every custom-house, to carry 
out the law and catch dutiable articles in the tariff" seine, which is 
part of the legal network of the country, letting through its meshes 
none but articles enumerated in the free list. 

The code American, inscribed in specific duties, is a protection 
covenant to citizen employes on pay rolls, at pay places, on pay day, 
and has a charm serene as the face of nature after a shower in July. 

CONSULAR REPRESENTATIVES AND CONSULAR 
MISREPRESENTATIVES IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES. 

The Congressional Directory of the Fiftieth Congress, ended March 
3, 1889, contains seventeen and a third pages of consular officers ac- 
credited to foreign countries, to represent the United States. 

Some of these officials are intelligent men and faithful appointees ; 
and in their reports to the State Department communicate informa- 
tion which is interesting, valuable and instructive. These true men 
discharge their duty and so fulfill their mission to serve the country 
whose commission they carry, in its policy and its laws. 

But there are among the hundreds of consular officers some who 
betray the country it is their duty to defend, and insidiously serve the 
foreign manufacturer whose object is to undersell the American manu- 
facturer in the American market. 

Samples and secrets are carried out of the country and submitted 
to the employer of the foreign bread-winner, to advise him where to 
attempt to breach on American industrial work and so stimulate him 
in his competition with the employer of the American citizen wage- 
earner, to whom a protective tariff" is as much a defensive armor as 



47 

was the coat of mail to the knight who, centuries ago, battled for the 
cross against the crescent. 

Some of the consular officers were quoted in Congress by free 
traders who wore the campaign badge of " revenue reform " prior to 
the presidential election held November 6, 1888 ; and who, in the 
heat of debate and the anger of disappointment in defeat not foreseen, 
in Congress since that time blurted their real sentiments, as the Asso- 
ciated Press reports attest, in a way to cause the student of current 
affairs, who will not forget the circumstance, to recall the case of the 
many-faced fiend, Richard Piggott, who forged the name of Charles 
S. Parnell to the so-called Parnell letters published in the London 
Times, and used by that free trade tory organ in its " Parnellism on 
Crime" to help defeat Irish home rule in Parliament and confound 
William E. Gladstone, the oldest and ablest of living English states- 
men, who has shown his love of country throughout a long public 
career ; a conspicuous star in the galaxy of names which illuminate 
the history of England's ministry and Parliament. There are con- 
spicuous stars in the skyarch over every land and conspicuous star 
names in the history of every civilized people, distinguishable through 
the dust and mist that darken the air and obscure the vision. 

Gladstone foresees that home rule in Ireland in home affairs 
would concrete the kingdom in Parliament on national questions, as 
the state legislatures and the Washington Congress concrete the 
United States in a constitutional union, which has as many portals 
as there are seaports, as many communicating doors as there are 
interlocked and related commonwealths, as many altars as there are 
sects; and is the strength of its combined kindred population, blessed 
in their happy earthly lot in its favored land, their own union home, 
under the panoply of heaven in azure overhead. 

Piggott perjured his soul before the Parnell Commission in London, 
February 20, 21, 1889; confessed a few days afterward; absconded 
with the connivance of those who should have prevented his escape ; 
was pursued by parties determined on his capture ; was arrested in 
Madrid, March 1, where he committed suicide and cut short his 
career, a sample villain for dealers in political forgeries to follow, in 
imitative way, to his nethermost abyss. 

Piggott and his affiliated witnesses before the Parnell Commission, 
conspicuous among whom was a ready and even enthusiastic false 
swearer in the alias of Henri Le Caron — his real name Thomas B. 
Beach — were a set of godless knaves who sold their souls for a price, 
to cover with defeat and obloquy a political party leader, and over- 
whelm the party of progress in Parliament, the battle-ground of Irish 
home rule in Irish local affairs, as the Congress of the United 



48 

States is the battle-ground of American liomc rule iti the American 
market. 

The four ancient realms on the two Atlantic islands abreast of con- 
tinental Europe, England, Ireland, Scotland, Wales, are only large 
enough for one European nationality, founded on equal rights. 

As a state New Jersey is sensitive and self-reliant, and as a part 
of the American Union New Jersey is national and patriotic ; hence 
New Jersey is popular among the American people, because it has 
for the Union a love as strong as its own children cherish for their 
mother state. 

England, Ireland, Scotland and Wales can be made a happy family, 
for in many things they have a common history, particularly in liter- 
ature and modern army history, wherein Ireland is conspicuous. 

It was made public in the testimony given before the Parnell Com- 
mission in London this present year, by witnesses who confessed to 
their own infamy, without hesitation or sign of shame, that they 
entered into service, government or newspaper, military or political, 
as the case might be, purposely to reconnoitre and listen, only to 
betray what they might see or hear, and also to counsel crime or 
mischief and meantime inform on the dupes of their advice, and so 
cause trouble or disaster ; in brief, to do the villain generally and 
promiscuously for money. Therefore who knows how many of the 
irresponsible advocates of strikes and boycotts, and noisy agitators 
who harangue on the divinity of labor — which they take care to do 
with tongue and jaw-bone and not with tool and hand — may be in the 
pay of foreign conspirators interested in stopping work in American 
manufacturing establishments, so that foreign-made merchandise 
may find readier and larger sale in the American market ? a part of 
the planet which western Europe covets and would pre-empt, if it 
could, its cost to be reimbursed out of American consumers by foreign 
syndicates and pools. 

Money subscribed abroad has been used in American political cam- 
paigns and in the Washington lobby. In truth, secret service money 
is used by governments, one against the other, in the old world ; nor 
is it so very long since the King of England was subsidized by the 
King of France ; and to-day England subsidizes the Ameer of Afghan- 
istan, to keep him to his bargain to "Be loyal to British Interests," 
the one commandment on which hang all the law of Parliament and 
the ministers of the crown. And who dare say that money is not 
used in labor lodges to foment strikes and harass trade? The New- 
gate Calendar has its heroes, such as they are; and if the annals of 
the strikes in and since the summer of 1877 were printed, the history 
of the frothy leaders boiled to the top would show the difference 



49 

betwoeii a raob hero and a home pati-iot of" his country, and rouse the 
latent "sober second thought" of the honest wage-earner, who, when 
he thinks for himself, has intelligence to discern that a strike ordered 
without consideration of its effect on employe or employer, or both — 
for the employer cannot be hit without hurting the employe with the 
same weapon — is like a fire kindled by an incendiary who knows not, 
nor cares, how far it may spread, nor whom it may injure, nor what 
damage may ensue from his criminal act. 

A strike without a justifying cause is arson under another name, 
and ought to receive the same punishment. 

DUPLICITY IN TRADE, DIPLOMACY AND CONGRESS. 

The American manufacturer, aware that duplicity prevails in trade 
as in diplomacy, knows that constant watchfulness of the proceedings 
of Congress, and, be it added, of the New Y^ork Custom-house and 
all custom-houses elsewhere, is the sole surety for protection to home 
interests, in the same sense and degree as a statesman long ago declared 
that " eternal vigilance is the price of liberty." 

And if American citizens, as well tliose who are protected directly 
as those who are equally well protected indirectly by import duties, 
which are the only weights available to make the scale of American 
and European cost of articles, finished ready for sale, balance in the 
American market, would read the published summary of debates in 
Congress as intently as they peruse casualties by shipwreck, earth- 
quake, volcanic eruption, boiler explosion, railway derailment and 
collision, and accident in mine and mill, in shop and on ship and 
everywhere else, in door and out door, under sensation head-lines, they 
would see in bills pending in Congress, when in session, and in news- 
papers of the free-trade ilk, misleading misstatements contributed by 
paid attorneys, correspondents and emissaries in New York city and 
the cotton portions of the South, in the lobby or on the floor of 
Congress, including labor agitators who are windy and salaried dem- 
agogues who are mercenary, matter poisonous to the American in- 
dustrial system, matter deadly to the fruits of home compensation, 
which ripen in sunshine richer in saccharine than the foreign root 
crops that grow in the darkness of ignorance underground, and eke 
out life where it is weighted down with overload of care. 

AMERICANS MUST NOT LOSE THEIR- PARADISE. 

The social fence erected by the edict of a crowned head, which 
divides persons in trade — and all persons in business not professional 
4 



50 

are construed in trade — and a nobility who are the humming-birds at 
court, and who bear hereditary titles, posing on patents issued by the 
crown, will be levelled with the ground, not with bombs, torpedoes or 
squibs, but Avith the more dreaded if not deadlier ballot, which will 
whifF unearned titles into the air, and transpose subjects into citizens, 
and make merit in lieu of birth the basis for the distribution of 
official honors. 

An aristocracy of titled functionaries is an abomination, sentenced 
in prospect to the oblivion which awaits shams, where discussion is 
free and impartial verdict succeeds patient trial in convention and 
canvass. 

Review the suicide of the crown prince of Austria, the abdication 
of the king of Servia and the erratic performance of the king of 
Holland between lucid intervals, and how true it is that " the mills of 
the gods grind slowly, but they grind exceedingly fine"! 

If the American citizen wage-earner lose his advantage to com- 
mand higher pay than the enthralled subject whose dynastic masters 
reign and rule over fourteen fifteenths of the earth's population, 
whither can he go for betterment of condition ? 

There surely is no betterment in prospect anywhere away from 
home in America, and hence he should be watchful and determined 
not to part with advantages in possession at birthright or citizenship 
domicil ; for ground lost on the wage question, which, in truth, is a 
geographical question by reason of the difference in political institu- 
tions, as well as a question of political economy, may not be regained, 
because there are myriads of mouths that must be fed, and as many 
backs that must be clothed, according to the necessities of nature ; 
and also the law of self-preservation, which is higher and holier than 
the hollow words of the brazen promoters of boycott and strike, who 
act without consideration of consequences to unthinking victims. 

The circumstances of the times, and the course of events in foreign 
countries, leave no option to the American citizen, if he expect to 
maintain his distinguishing personality, but a steadfast reliance on a 
tariff, graduated in the interest and for the purpose of protection to 
labor and capital in man and dollar. 

Forty-two states — twenty-nine added to the original thirteen — 
worship at the national shrine in the Union temple, in which there are 
territorial seats reserved for states entitled to admission hereafter by 
consent of Congress, increasing the galaxy of stars, all of equal mag- 
nitude in the Senate, averaging more than a million and a (i[uarter of 
population at present time. How^ many more states futurity may 
have in reserve no one can number, but all that enter come to stay. 

By the census of 1790, the first census under the constitution, the 



51 

seventeen states incluflcd in the returns averaged only 2ol,130 of 
population. 

It is not to be disguised nor overlooked that the time is arrived 
when increment instead of immigration must constitute the chief 
source of increase of population, except, of course, such as may come 
with territory acquired by annexation. 

To the question of immigration, long a blessing, bitterly an abuse 
— as sins of the world are abuses of good tJungs in the world — the 
American wage-earner, whose worst enemy is the demagogue and 
agitator, must give his most serious meditation. 

Go back to 1877, when strikers in Pittsburgh destroyed railroad 
property costing several million dollars, by incendiarism and riot ; 
and thence come forward to date, computing along the way the loss 
in wages and the cost of idleness to men who locked themselves out 
of work with inconsiderate rashness. 

Estimate the places vacated on order from persons unfit for citizen- 
ship, and so lost beyond regainment, and the mischief caused by irre- 
sponsible agitators, paid by secret lodges, to the business of the coun- 
try, and especially to employes who, themselves, when labor lodges 
were not federated, harmonized occasional differences with their em- 
ployers by compromise and mutual concession, without advice from 
brewers of discontent ; who ought to be as unwelcome in labor halls 
and haunts in America as rats in granaries, hawks in henneries and 
snakes in trees robbing the nests of birds, three types of depredators 
that prey on property without hypocrisy, and therein are unlike, in 
that one particular ; anarchists who greet liberty with a song, equality 
with a hurrah, and serve despotism for bounty pay, under oath to 
commit crime against life, property and the ballot. Hydrophobia is 
a danger identified with dogs ; but there are dangers which crop out 
of agitators gifted with speech and who dread water and work, as fatal 
as the rabies, because they disturb peace and quiet and substitute 
idleness and starvation for happiness and content. 

ALL COUNTRIES FOREIGN OUTSIDE OF THE UNION. 

All countries outside the United States are foreign countries, to be 
treated as such in treaty and intertrade, because a next-door neigh- 
bor may be given to the worst vices of statecraft and need constant 
surveillance. 

A boundary line is more like a safeguard in a printed description 
than on a line of latitude or longitude or along a water-course, where 
smugglers and law-breakers are on the lookout to cross over and trans- 
act illicit trade. 



52 

The tliermometor is ;i sensitive instrument, expressive of the tem- 
perature of the atmosphere, and the mercury in its tube is driven 
down its graduated scale by the cold blasts of boreas, till the freezing 
point is passed and the trees whistle winter tunes. 

And the wage scale, graduated by the tariff and the market, is a 
measure of industrial temperature, which free trade will chill down to 
the prices of European pay rolls, there to stay fast as fish frozen in ice. 

And thus the new world, which rose up out of the ocean under 
touch of the magic wand of Columbus, not a decayed Scandinavian 
drift stick imbedded in an iceberg, instead of persevering in its mis- 
sion work of persuading the old world, by its example, to approx- 
imate its institutions which are its beatific characteristics, will be 
assimilated to the old world in its worst features ; and the American 
wage-earner will be forced, nolens volens, to accept reduced compen- 
sation for his time, his skill left out of the computation, or move 
away he knows not whither, only that the course is downward from 
the political and social summit-land of his birth or adoption. 

Nor will it assuage his disappointment to reflect that, on the voli- 
tion of his ignorance, he assisted, by his misuse of the ballot in the 
interest of his enemy, to build steps of retreat for himself to tread, 
down from the tarift' elevation whereon he was protected, to the roof- 
less concourse where competition is rampant, the crowd clamorous 
because hungry and half clad, and free trade pay is horizontal like 
the ocean tide datum level, from which heights are calculated by 
engineers. 

Verily the day of miracles is past, as was foretold; but parable 
was planted a perennial lesson, in inspired words, delivered from 
divine lips for man to heed, for his salvation here, preliminary to his 
exit from the trodden stage, carpeted underfoot and curtained over- 
head by nature's architect and artist. 

A nation is a community organized under one government, supreme 
in jurisdiction over the constituent parts of its totality, in matters 
delegated to it where it is a union of states, or usurped by it where 
it is a despotism with an absolute ruler, or a limited monarchy with a 
crown to figure-head a ministry and quasi legislative body. 

The chief rulers of the nations of the world, with few exceptions 
outside of America, North and South, are the heads of dynasties 
founded on conquest, and perpetuated by unchallenged hereditary 
right to reign and govern. 

The masses of mankind are governed without their consent and in 
defiance of their opinion ; for those in authority, who wear the honors 
and divide the patronage, have standing armies, ostensibly for defence 
against invasion and aggression, but same time useful as a security 



53 

against insurrection and rebellion, precursors of revolution. The 
people are not trusted, but in theory are cared for paternally, as the 
word goes, compelled meantime to endure, as they best can, a subject 
condition, wherein the higher aspirations of manhood for the recovery 
of lost rights and for political betterment are forbid expression, under 
penalty imposed to keep the hand at its routine work and the tongue 
silent on affairs of.state. The world's mantle, seen mentally in its 
diurnal revolution, is a sorry patchwork of silks and rags, inequality 
in apparel illustrative of inequality in political condition and oppor- 
tunity for promotion. 

But even where the few appropriate the substance of the many, 
paternal or personal government does not abandon subject population 
to promiscuous competition in international intertrade ; and hence as 
money is a necessity to government, whatsoever its form, the custom- 
house is an important factor to the treasury, as is the case even in 
England, where free trade is a vaunted imposition, because England 
has a dutiable list of imposts on which tariff rates are payable to 
custom-houses; whereas, if free trade existed without qualification or 
limit, its custom-houses ere this could have been turned into school- 
houses or police stations. 

Moreover, in imposing duties on imports, care is taken to discrim- 
inate in favor of home products exposed to foreign competition in 
home markets. And the result of this policy is twofold, in giving 
employment to home population and preventing the export of accu- 
mulated capital to pay foreign indebtedness unwisely incurred. A 
nation debits what it buys, and credits what it sells ; and if there be 
not a balance to the credit of profit and loss, but a debit balance in- 
stead, the deficit is a loss in its foreign trade and a drain on its re- 
sources. To be sure, book-keeping is an art, and an expert account- 
ant can manipulate assets to show a surplus where liabilities over- 
shadow and insolvency impends. 

The principal nations of the world are all protective in their tariff 
policy, except England, which we omit because England no longer 
poses as a first-class power in the diplomatic field, where emperors 
with large armies command the situation, and where, too, actions are 
fought without bloodshed, but not without loss or gain to the coml)at- 
ants, precisely as where rilles arc used' instead of peiis. England 
would prefer to make its own "British interests" a higher law to 
other peoples, and be let alone at home and throughout its empire, 
and also in markets coveted by its subjects in trade. 

But the western nations of Europe are on the alert, particularly 
Germany and France, who rove the world in search of customers for 
their manufactures. And as the American Union is a vast market, 



54 

of prodigious capacity for consumption, the western nations of Europe 
cast longing eyes towards it across the waters, and consider it, the 
same as England does, the land of the "main chance," and the New 
York Custom-house the main gate of undervaluation to it, 

PER CAPITA CAPACITY FOR CONSUMPTION. 

In tropical and semi-civilized countries the per capita expenditure 
for clothing is very small per twelvemonth, and, consequently, the 
merchandise trade is of little account, compared with the same number 
of inhabitants in the American Union, where there are no privileged 
orders nor castes, and Avhere the citizens, free and equal in the law, 
enjoy more domestic comfort and live better and dress better and are 
better educated at public cost than the subjects of any crowned head, 
civilized, barbarian or savage. Contrast the trade of an Indian tribe 
on hunting-grounds, for garments and dry goods, with a frontier town 
containing the same number of heads, and meditate the difference in 
the quantity and cost of the dry goods consumed for garments and 
utilities of the household, in citizenship home life ! 

England was an ultra protective tariff country till it ceased to pro- 
duce food of home cultivation sufficient to satisfy its increased and 
increasing population, by which time of turning tide, too, its manu- 
facturing establishments had been enlarged to a capacity for surplus 
production for export to its colonies and to foreign countries. And 
then and thereupon England abandoned the policy of protection on 
which its manufactures had been built, and "turned about" to advo- 
cation of free trade in manufactured merchandise, of which it had a 
large home-made surplus to sell, taking care, however, to retain import 
duties on articles non-competitive but in common use, for revenue to 
swell treasury receipts. 

But the phrase " it's English, you know," did not charm nor satisfy 
western Europe with the sophistry of free trade ; and now the cunning 
proposition which was enacted into a laW by Parliament to proselyte 
foreign nations to an English heresy torments its advocates, who are 
disappointed with the untoward aspect of international intertrade in 
P]urope ; for the continental counti'ies that were England's prospective 
and expected customers are now its competitors and rivals, having 
made inroads into Great Britain nnd everywhere else that English 
goods go, seeking and finding, English fashion, customers and a 
market. 

This is emphatically the case in the United States, whither foreign 
merchandise, the labor product of foreign countries, particularly Ger- 
many and France, is sent in immense (quantities, to reduce the symp- 



55 

toms of plethora, where the market is subject to the same uneasiness 
that repletion causes in the stomach of a gormanrl. 

And like the principal nations of western Europe, Russia, which in 
Europe occupies more than half its total area and in addition a very 
large part of Asia, is determined and steadfast in its policy of pro- 
tection, and thereby is successfully developing its diversified resources 
on a scale capable of indefinite expansion, as a cloud overhead which 
at first casts only a spot of shadow on the ground, afterwards out- 
spreads and covers the sky ; making the empire more independent 
and discriminative in its imports and more self-reliant in its increasing 
exports of necessities to foreign populations. 

The progress of Russia, too, in the growth of cotton east of the 
Caspian, is a cheering incident in the rise of that mighty power, 
which now counts cotton among its staple products; and which in a 
very few years will have in operation a railway eastward across 
Siberia to the Sea of Okhotsh, where it will have for neighbors China 
and Japan, that need not be jealous rivals, but may be fraternizing 
friends. 

The United States and Russia are vis-a-vis on the north Pacific, 
where the Dominion of Canada is a trespasser, sojourning on a ticket 
of leave, since the treaty of 1846. 

That free trade does not, abstractly, benefit agriculture, but on the 
contrary is its enemy in practice, the prostrated condition of agricul- 
ture and the depreciated price of farm land throughout the kingdom 
of Great Britain and Ireland indisputably attest. English free trade 
opens the English markets to foreign food crops, which are grown at 
less cost and in quantity not approachable by food crop farmers in 
the British Isles. 

England, as "The Doomsday Book" demonstrates, was a region 
of landed estates and pre-eminently an agricultural country under 
the Norman conqueror and his barons ; an extraordinary company 
of uninvited guests, whose intrusion, however, turned out to be a 
"blessing in disguise," for the Norman graft grew a new variety of 
fruit on the Saxon tree. And after William the Conqueror, the next 
blessing, and which was without disguise, was Oliver Cromwell, the 
Briton of Britons, in the books. 

The Normans in France were absorbed in the Celts and the French 
Normans in England were absorbed in the British Saxons, thus form- 
ing a new variety of cross-breed which made Britain great. 

Kings like pins in a bowling-alley go down before balls. Napoleon 
treated kingdoms as prizes and crowned heads as puppets, in his 
dazzling career of battles, bounded by the Moscow turnabout and the 
Waterloo terminus. Napoleon did not always ignore, however he 



56 

may have tried to forget, the doctrines promulgated by the first 
French revolution subsequent to the achievement of independence by 
the United States at the final battle of Yorktown, 1781, in which the 
first overt act in Paris was the destruction of the Bastile, July 14, 
1789. A prison torn down, for stones to build a temple for the 
people. 

The French revolution of 1789 put public opinion in ferment in 
Europe, on personal prerogatives and common civil rights ; and the 
yeast kneaded in the dough of the revolution of 1789 leavens the 
political loaf, the body politic, in 1889. 

And in the hundred years of a few halts and more forward marches, 
how many changes have come about in the decline of adoration of 
royalty and all titles-patent of nobility and privilege, down to the 
baronet Avho by a ribbon is distinguished from the subject who knows 
as much as the crowned head of the kingdom, on matters of political 
economy and civil rights ! 

THE AMERICAN CITIZEN FARMER. 

The American citizen farmer is too well informed on cereal crops 
and the world's markets to be cheated with the plea that free trade 
will benefit American agriculture, because he knows the capacity of 
the Black Sea basin and other regions for the production of food 
staples, and the facility with which cereals are carried long distances 
at small cost, especially in steamships, to supply markets where home 
crops are inadequate for home consumption. 

England is a country of fair face freckled with cities and towns ; 
and of London, Blucher, the Prussian general, whose opportune ar- 
rival at Waterloo saved Wellington and put Napoleon to flight, after 
he had feasted his eyes on London sights and London hospitality had 
satisfied his appetite, dryly said, " What a city for loot !" 

The London of 1889, it need not be told, only that heads differ the 
same as eggs and oysters, is the equivalent in accumulation of a score 
of the London of 1815. 

For London, the mistress city in present time in finance and com- 
uierce, as Rome was the mistress city in arms, laws and roads when 
Christ was on the earth, has sumps called vaults beneath its banks 
into which interest money drains from foreign lands, as it has sumps 
for mine water below the lowest level in its deepest mineral pits. But 
in England where there are landscapes embellished with old castles 
that rise above the trees, though they no longer frown defiance, there 
are also blasted heaths between its money sumps in trade centres, 
among its furnace stacks and mill chimneys, showing that where pov- 



57 

erty tends to segregation of minimum compensation, there riches 
gravitate to basins of deposited aggregation. Thus poverty sows out 
of its pockets, and wealth reaps and stores away for investment. 

Observe how an outcry that grain is scarce and dear at Liverpool 
brings out of storage cargoes of grain from the Black Sea, the Dan- 
ube and the Mediterranean, also India and other granaries, so prov- 
ing that in the trade-bound world, without including North America 
in the computation, the cereal acreage under cultivation for food crops 
can supply the whole customer population, and outside of India, where 
famine is intermittent, carry over to next year a large surplus. 

Look on and make cursory measure of the territory available for 
cultivation between the equator and the poles, not forgetting long and 
broad and bountiful Siberia, which the railway to the north Pacific 
Ocean will people with immigrants and make a prosperous and pow- 
erful portion of the Russian empire. 

The penal part of Siberia will be forgotten like the penal part of 
Australia and other penal settlements, to some of which so-called first 
families in flunkeydom, where there are more skeletons than closets, 
sometimes trace back a pedigree to a source of blue blood, in indigo 
marks picked in the skin. 

Convicts can come to the front, reformed men, in penal settlements, 
and grow in reputation with the country ; whereas elsewhere con- 
victs are put under surveillance or hunted down like wild beasts, 
after they have served out a sentence, by detectives less merciful than 
bloodhounds. Why expunge P. P., penal pioneer, and substitute F. 
F., first family ? 

Consider the efficiency of agricultural machinery and implements, 
along with the superabundance of labor in foreign countries, and be 
convinced that out of the plentifulness of harvest time will come food 
for the subsistence of mankind. 

More and more of the immense acreage untilled Avill be put under 
cultivation, as population when nations are at peace is sure to in- 
crease, and the market will cry " for more" to satisfy its hunger ; 
meauAvhile new railways to facilitate and cheapen transportation will 
penetrate into regions at present remote and insulated from overland 
thoroughfares and outlets at seaports. 

Not until railways had been extended into the interioi' of India was 
India wheat sent to the seacoast and shipped thence to England. And 
the concocters of wheat "corners " in Chicago, eight years ago, were 
the principal promoters of the India wheat trade in its early days of 
experimental venture ; for they caused advance of price to so high a 
point at Liverpool that India wheat was imported into England and 
sold at profit, thus illustrating the Avisdom of that profound philos- 



58 

opher, Sam Patch, Avhen be told the Avorhi that "soDie things can be 
done as well as others." 

Sir Giles Overreach was the prototype of the originating rascal of 
the Chicago wheat and Wall Street stock " corner." 

In North America the interests of agriculture are identified with 
the growth and industrial health of the home population, rural and 
urban, which two divisions are one community, nationally interwoven 
and interlocked ; and if there be no accumulation of profits on total 
transactions, additional capital cannot accrue for investment. Of 
court^e when the home market is under home rule, and the balance of 
trade is against Europe, then the surplus to the credit of home trade 
makes the country prosperous and the people happy. Thus incre- 
ment or interest on savings and profits on transactions are a double 
source of accumulation of dollars, as wedlock is an understood source 
of increase of births or increment on population, a home increase 
which is supplemented by immigration. 

What foreign nations need, beyond what they can produce within 
their own territories, they will in part buy here, provided quality and 
price assure the buyer as good a bargain as the same money would 
command elsewhere. This is no secret, no mystery ; it is what is 
called "worldly wisdom," a commodity not common nor rare, used 
as capital in trade ; for trade is not a creature with a responsible con- 
science, but on the contrary an intermediate agent not akin to the 
conscionable impulses and affections of human nature. 

Business is pursued for its possible compensation^nothing else, 
since it is limited to mammon — in dollars and cents. 

Mankind cannot be idle, for a human being moving with the tide 
has but few "lazy bones" in his anatomy, nor is human life an aim- 
less existence in the estimation of manhood. 

And there are varieties of tastes and also of necessities which divide 
society into the professions and trades and the other callings in the 
long catalogue, whereby to serve out a probationary service for food 
and raiment on the earth, whence we depart to go back to dust under- 
ground, and to judgment whither faith points the way. 

In this wise arrangement of Providence civil society is the counter- 
part of nature, which divides vegetation into unnumbered varieties for 
the sustentation of its creatures, beginning with man, and after a cir- 
cuit of the habitations of the species in the descending scale, ending 
inquiry with a microscope to aid our imperfect vision. 

In the occupations of life, where population must have employment 
for livelihood, there are pursuits exposed to under pay and idle time, 
in consequence of foreign competition due to causes to cure which the 
remedy is in Congress. 



59 

And in these avocations, all respectable and useful, employer and 
employe mutually need protection ; otherwise the difference in the 
cost of home and foreign production will tell in favor of the manufac- 
turer who pays least for his labor ; and as the compensation paid 
American citizens is twice the compensation paid subjects abroad, an 
import duty is a necessity precedent, to contin^ie the citizen in em- 
ployment and keep in the country the money which otherwise would 
go abroad to pay for foreign labor sent here in manufactured mer- 
chandise, to be converted into money for foreign account. 

The staple products of a country like the United States, where 
machinery and skilled labor abound, must — yes, that is the verdict 
of the country — must be manipulated at home, where raised or mined, 
into articles for use, and not be sent abroad as material in crude con- 
dition, for manufacture into commodities of commerce, coarse, fine, 
superfine and costly, and then received back as merchandise imported 
for consumption, greatly enhanced in price, to reimburse the cost of 
labor employed far away, to prepare the material for final use at its 
original source. 

This irrational process is evolution with a backstep, whereas the 
pace of evolution is, from interest and reason both, a forward march — 
a tread ahead from the last halt, at the inspiring bugle-call of progress. 

Where skilled labor is employed, there most of the money realized 
from its production, wherever sold, goes for distribution. And this 
fact the employe knows as well as any one, and ought to heed in his 
own case as a party in interest; for surely every one has to provide a 
livelihood for himself, and also for his family if he have any. 

Wherefore, for an employe to sink his individuality in a proxy 
agitator is evidence of unfitness for citizenship in " a government of 
the people for the people," hke the United States, which is a republic 
"founded upon a rock." 

LABOR MISREPRESENTATIVES IN LEGISLATURES. 

Review the votes cast by labor members of legislatures in the elec- 
tion of United States senators, in contests where the dividing party 
issue was a tariff for protection versus free trade disguised as " rev- 
enue reform," and witness wherein and how the trust they were 
elected to champion for their constituencies, and where they had dom- 
icil and ate bread and butter, was deserted in the decisive moment, 
and in a way that intentionally gave victory to the known enemies 
of American industry. 

And witness, too, how in the last presidential canvass salaried 
oflficials of secret labor-associations dodged the question of protection 



60 

on its trial by ballot, and sat on the fence among the buzzards, 
watching the canvass and waiting for the end, to scavenger the battle- 
ground for gleanings of the spoils, left behind bj the first raiders, 
after the close of the polls. 

Knights of Labor, forsooth ! as if knights of old were not knights 
of chivalry, a high-caste and arrogant class, and did not wield battle- 
axes to cleave heads through the helmets of the enemy, albeit they 
returned from the crusades leaving the Saracens in possession of the 
Holy Land, where they are in possession to this day, not only tol- 
erated but protected in possession of Bethlehem where Christ was 
born, and of Jerusalem Avhere Christ was crucified, by the Avestern 
nations of Europe. And why? Solely from jealousy of Russia and 
to postpone the restoration of the Greek cross, which the Turks sup- 
planted with the crescent in 1453, when the capture of Constantinople 
by the Turk made him a fixed trespasser and a despoiler in Europe, 
and where he lingers on sufferance prolonged by the Berlin Congress 
of 1878, when Austria, France, Germany, Great Britain and Italy 
conspired with Turkey against Russia, and modified the treaty of San 
Stefano dated February 19, 1878, entered into by Russia and Turkey 
after Russia had fought its way across the Balkans through the rigors 
of winter, and commanded the military situation at the gates of Con- 
stantinople. 

This victory of the Russian over the Turk, however, was what the 
nations of western Europe had not anticipated, did not want, and 
therefore plotted against ; for the Russian check at Plevna, on its 
first assault of that place, had raised "great expectations," especially 
in England which blustered and conspired but did not openly partici- 
pate in hostilities. 

But the "sick man" had signed the treaty of San Stefano, and 
thereupon the Berlin Congress was concocted. Austria was allotted 
two provinces of Turkey, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Cyprus be- 
came an English island. Turkey Avas carved with diplomatic knife 
and fork in the Berlin Congress house of its friends. 

Thus six powers, five of them Christian, combined against the 
champion Christian power whose mission in Europe is the removal 
of the crescent and the restoration of the Greek cross on the histor- 
ical Church of St. Sophia. And the motive for this alliance with 
the Turk in Europe, where he represents Mahomet as against Christ, 
was to depreciate the victories of a war entered on to redress the 
grievances of the Christian inhabitants oppressed and maltreated in 
European Tui'key, which had shocked and horrified Christendom with 
authenticated particulars, and which the diplomatic representatives of 
five Christian powers of western I^jurope ignouiiniously condoned in 



61 

the Berlin Congress, on the hypothesis that diphjniaey in western 
Europe is simply lying aecording to law ! And if any jealous or 
suspicious European power can squeeze or otherwise extract any 
solace or comfort out of a comparison of Russia in 1812, when Napo- 
leon retreated from Moscow Avith the fragments of an army which he 
had organized in large part out of the remnants of the forces he had 
defeated in pitched battles in Europe, with Russia in 1889 in area, 
population, manufactures, crops and mineral resources, it is because 
its goggles make it the dupe of optical delusion. 

After the Turk shall have departed from Europe, and Russia shall 
have rectified its boundaries on the Black Sea, the Bosphorus and the 
Dardanelles, a logical sequence will put the holy places in the Holy 
Land in the custody of Christendom, with the benediction of the 
United States and Russia as the two principal nations in the domin- 
ion of Christ on the earth. 

THE TRUE ECONOMIST THE POOR MAN'S WIFE. 

The true and unselfish political economist, in its broadest, longest 
and deepest sense, is the housewife and mother of children who, out 
of a few dollars a week derived from a husband devoted to his family 
and faithful to his duty, pays rent, provisions the household and 
sends her children to school, week days and Sunday, always clad in 
clean clothes. 

Many a time have I been impressed on a Sunday afternoon about 
sundown in summer time, in Kensington, in a neighborhood of modest 
dwelling-houses in that compact district, which I have seen change 
from fields, orchards, woods and meadows into paved streets between 
rows of houses, big establishments and tall chimney-stacks, Jby the 
appearance of little girls and boys, bright and beaming, abroad in the 
streets in becoming apparel and with the blessed hue of health upon 
their cheeks ; a scene to look on and reflect on, and same time move 
the spectator to heartier appreciation of the compensations there are 
in society and the visible good there is in human nature. 

Blessed is the word mother, and thrice blessed is the family that 
is content with its condition in life, with no skeleton in its closet, and 
with open roads from its door to the opportunities for preferment as 
they exist in this country and nowhere else. 

And when it is considered how judiciously and honestly building 
societies and beneficial associations and other mutual organizations 
are managed in a quiet way, the wonder is that intelligent employes 
trust so often and so blindly to alien or unlettered agitators and pro- 
moters of strikes, to do by proxy what the proxy-giver could better 



62 

do himself in his own modest way. True ho might tlierein differ 
from the windy fellow Avho in blissful unconsciousness advertises his 
ignorance in a gush of words which are as free in the dictionary as 
the wind that hurries a cloud overhead, or the water which makes a 
noise where there is a dam across a stream. 

The demagogue is normally boisterous, usually from want of knowl- 
edge on the subject in controversy, and consequently is weak in 
argument because destitute of facts, which are the premises of log- 
ical conclusions. 

PINS, APOTHECARIES, POLITICAL TRADERS. 

What becomes of the pins sold, of the apothecaries graduated in 
pharmacy and of the doctors graduated in the medical schools ? are 
questions for conjecture to make targets of, and wit to shoot at ; and 
why is it that answer is made with a shake of the head when it is 
asked, What becomes of the lawyers annually admitted to practice in 
the courts ? where a good counsel to a client is the peer of a good 
physician to a patient sick abed — beyond the number needed to engi- 
neer the legal machinery in motion in the service of justice, which is 
symbolically blind, but truly in the trade of the law an argus 
with eyes which look different ways independent of each other, and 
can construe a statue as many ways as there are judges on the bench, 
to instruct thejury. What a marvel is the law, and what wonders are 
some of its judges ! Nevertheless, it is the best net we have to fish 
with, for there are sharks and sword-fish in the waters, and these 
monsters cannot be permitted to devour all the food fish ! 

We may reverence the law, but we need not overdo our admiration 
of its judges, very few of whom were conspicuous at the bar, and 
many of whom had few clients and intrigued for the position for its 
pay. Oliver Tavist "asked for more," but little Oliver had an empty 
stomach when he asked for "more" molasses, not for more salary as 
did the judges of the law ! 

That politics, politely called the art of government, is a trade, 
we need only, to find assurance of the fact, refer to the Congressional 
Directory and the Legislative Manual to ascertain that attorneys at 
law are plentifully sprinkled in elective bodies that enact the statutes. 
And it is one of the privileges of the legal profession to talk, and 
one of the characteristics of a pleader to affect logic in his speech ; 
and in the plenitude of his vanity expect his hearers to concede his 
nickel-plate premises and accept his gilt-letter conclusions as proof 
that he understands his subject. 

That he is a doctrinaire, or possibly a crank, and that his allega- 
tions are counterfeit presentments and his spurious facts only broken 



G?> 

links of brittle metal that will not hold together in a chain of argu- 
ment, does not ripple his satisfaction with himself behind his petrified 
cheek, nor cause a suspicion in the narrow cell of his mind that, in- 
stead of a steam steed on a track hauling a long train, he is only a 
" fish out of water," floundering for its native element wherein its fins 
and tail are its natural motive powers. 

A SPEECHMAKER AND PARTY SERVANT. 

There is in Pennsylvania to-day a public character whose capital in 
trade is the fact that he is a speechmaker and party servant who 
has held many conspicuous ofiices, nobody knows for what reason, at 
Harrisburg, Washington and as minister in South America, not omit- 
ting membership of a convention that altered the state constitution 
into a hermaphrodite, imperfect in both genders ; one who always was, 
and now is in years too old to change, a cold-blooded personality that 
never responded in his nature to democracy broader nor deeper than 
his political party, so popular in free trade England and Texas. 

Long ago he tried to limit by constitutional amendment the number 
of representatives that a city might elect to the popular branch of the 
Legislature, a stab meant to kill the doctrine of representation ac- 
cording to population. What is the country without the town ? Bah ! 

In the earlier years of railroads, and when the question of gauge^ 
a matter particularly important to Pennsylvania, was in controversy 
with Lake Shore and New York interests, he lent himself, as his 
henchman, the departed Wesley Roat, would attest if he could come 
back and qualify, to the repeal of a wise and opportune law which 
forbade the construction of any more wide-gauge roads in the state ; 
and was the spokesman for railroad parties in other states, whereas, 
afterwards, all roads of wide gauge in Pennsylvania were changed to 
the standard gauge of the Pennsylvania, New York Central and Bal- 
timore and Ohio trunk lines, at enormous cost. And, finally, over- 
looking his double-dealing on tax on tonnage on railroads parallel 
with state canals, and on the subject of charters for railroads, Charles 
R. Buckalew made a speech, common of commonplace, and cast his 
vote against I'ennsglvania for the Mills bill in the interest of free 
trade in the guise of " revenue reform," in the Congress which expired 
with President Grover Cleveland's maladministration of the govern- 
ment of which George Washington was first President, elected with- 
out the vote of New York state, a hundred years ago. 

Verily the army of the ballot is oflicered with blind mutes in 
Columbia county, where Buckalew is a sage, as was Buchanan a 
sage in Lancaster, before he failed in his high trust in 1861. 



<;4 



UNIVERSITY SCHOOLMASTERS. 

University and college professors who, after all, are schoolmasters, 
nothing more, nothing less, in the same way that stock members of a 
theatrical company are actors the same as stars of the profession, as- 
sume too much when they assume that an abstraction as they state it 
will become a concretion when the word of the pedagogue is made the 
ruling of a statute, the law of the land, in precedence and preference 
to practical experience and thorough understanding of the industries 
and the arts which leaven society and bind communities together, in- 
tent and busy in the pursuit of happiness. 

Political economy, the art of government, is a theme of many 
phases, a subject controverted in cabinet and council, where states- 
manship and statecraft meet for consultation ; and where facts are 
counted and reasons weighed before judgment is pronounced. Pi'ac- 
ticality is the touchstone iri statesmanship, and theory is the miasma 
which rises out of the morass and is a source of obscuration till the 
heat of the sun scatters it where it can do no harm nor dim the 
vision of the wayfarer. 

Doctrinaires and cranks who assume that they understand aerial 
navigation and perpetual motion, and wonder why invetitors do not 
overcome the law of gravitation, and meanwhile browse on pessimistic 
stubble and lament that words discharged with a trigger-tongue from 
the muzzle of a mouth do not bring down game like a bullet from a 
gun barrel, descant on political economy as if it were a subject com- 
prehensible off-hand or by intuition ; and stultified professors hold 
fast to university and college salary teats, even though all of them 
are not scholars to qualify them for judges of practical politics, and 
but few of them are students in the broad and deep sense of that 
word, which fits the thoughtful man advanced in years as it does the 
boy in his teens. 

The process of acquisition of knowledge is continued till mind- 
sight begins to dim and crevices in the memory begin to open, show- 
ing that brain power has passed its maximum, where imperfection 
foreruns decay. This is the decree of nature, the inevitable law, 
which is typified by Time as a skeleton with a scythe. 

The oldest judges of the Supreme Court, the oldest senators and 
members of Congress and the oldest citizens are students so long as 
mind maintains the mastery and reason commands the man. 

Universities, colleges, high schools, academies, grammar schools, 
indeed all schools, are armories for drill of the intellectual faculties 
in youth, as apprenticeship drills artisans in the use of tools, accord- 
ing to a manual which qualifies a pupil who is apt in its tactics and 



steadfast in bis purpose, to uiiircli steadily on, leaving loiterers and 
truants in the rear. 

The scholar of philosophic turn never tires of the times, but looks 
down below the surface of the ground and into the springs which 
flush the brooks for causes, and takes interest in current events, 
whatsoever they may be, wheresoever they may occur. 

These lookers on, these readers, spectators and thinkers, who 
" make haste slowly " and can use the " mind's eye " for a locomotive 
head-light, may be sometimes seen at the foot of a hill gazing up a 
road at wayfarers, who hurry to the summit, there to disappear be- 
hind the horizon, because they climbed too fast and stopped where 
they had no foothold. 

There are, besides, some who, though not on the school lists after 
early boyhood, continue to study at night-time and visit libraries, 
attend lectures and read books, magazines and newspapers with such 
method and profit that they accumulate information and fund it, in- 
voiced and classified, thereby equalling, if not surpassing, superficial 
incumbents of professorships and schoolmasterships Avho can commit 
to memory by rote the text of the lessons they teach, like actors on 
the stage always up in their lines, but who nevertheless are short of 
appreciation of the words delivered from their lips. 

THE AMERICAN SITUATION. 

To comprehend protection as a practical, pending political ques- 
tion, and its bearing on the American situation, let the citizen con- 
sider the nation of the United States a political family of forty-two 
state members and a half score of territorial candidates for member- 
ship, with a large estate occupied and cultivated by joint heirs to a 
common inheritance, under the deed of union, the Constitution, 
which declares its purposes and describes its powers, to the end that 
all citizens may be shareholders in the body politic, under its perpet- 
ual charter, to conduct the affairs of the general government in the 
interest of the states and the whole people, numbering sixty-five 
millions of souls. 

This great political family, the second in size among the Christian 
powers, which combine the push and progress extant and hold the 
world in the arms of outstretched Christian civilization, has many 
interests to foster and look after ; for in trade, where it is conducted 
on a gigantic scale, as in the United States, for the individual benefit 
of the living generation and the common benefit of its posterity, 
there are many who are exposed to extra risk which does not menace 
others, and who need and deserve protection against aggressive com- 
5 



66 

petition from loreign countries, where subjects are paid starvation 
wages and are assessed as chattels and used as tools. 

The theory of banking is that credit is necessary to worthy persons 
in business, to float them through fluctuations in prices and temporary 
depression in the market; and hence cnpital is associated and money 
loaned, with lasting good results. And, indeed, so fraught with evil 
to a community is a panic in a market that pecuniary assistance is 
proff"ered and pecuniary sacrifice promptly incurred to avert it, and 
thus restore confidence among depositors and dealers. 

And it may not be amiss to assert, as an abstraction, that a thing 
is worth what it will sell for in market ; but price is not always a 
measure of value beyond the moment of sale, for inflation and depres- 
sion sometimes follow each other in quick succession, where a sudden 
collapse destroys confidence and sinks quotations, as explosion of a 
boiler scatters in pieces the iron it was made of. 

Of course failures will occur whatever be the common usage or the 
statute law, for in mundane matters ver?/ much depends on Judgment 
and management. Where these qualities arc lacking, success is not 
so easily won as where they are manifest in the daily walks of those 
who watch the tides in commercial currents and the weather-vanes on 
house tops and high poles. 

The principal millionaires in the United States did not derive their 
fortunes from profit on manufactures. 

Stephen Girard was a shipping merchant who sent his vessels to 
foreign ports and traded cargoes with consummate foresight and judg- 
ment. He likewise was a public-spirited citizen, always in the fore- 
ground in the community in response to duty. His means he invested 
wisely and where they have grown and will continue to thrive. The 
Girard College, a charity created by his will, and now and forever 
his monument, is the grandest and most successful public charity 
founded by man. Thousands of men, grown-up orphan boys educated 
within its walls, bless the name of Stephen Girard. 

Neither Cornelius Vanderbilt, Jay Gould, Thomas A. Scott nor 
John W. Garrett was a manufacturer, but all four wx^re railway pro- 
moters with promises to pay and expert reconstructionists and prac- 
titioners in Wall Street finance. 

RAILWAY WRECKERS. 

When a ship is wrecked at sea it goes to the bottom and is lost. 
When Jay Gould and others of his ilk — smart in their way but with 
" cussedness " in their treason — wreck a railway corporation, they do 
not destroy its trackway and appurtenances nor cripple it as a trans- 
portation machine. On the contrary, they simply put in ply their 



▼ 67 

kijowludgc oF the art of corporation book-keeping and proceetl with 
the aid of accountants and attorneys to foreclose on its default to 
meet liabilities, moult its debts, as a parrot moults its feathers, to 
make way for new ones of the same kind, go before court for rehabil- 
itation, make a new departure, lie to the public in exaggei'ated exhibits 
about increase of earning capacity, manipulate a rise in the stock 
exchange, and when all is ready unload on outside buyers who there- 
tofore did not believe in "total moral depravity." 

Different, indeed, is this formula from the manufacture of mer- 
chandise, whereby employment is provided at home and wealth with- 
held from export out of the country. 

The homage paid by vice to virtue in the last act of the drama of 
life, when the soliloquy is, " to be or not to be," illustrates the aspira- 
tion of mortal man to conciliate public opinion in his "latter days," 
as. if to propitiate judgment on his record and mitigate a possible 
verdict in that eternity undiscovered from this planet, but whither 
every one is bound. 

INVESTED HOME CAPITAL AND COMPETITION. 

Capital invested in works for iron and steel manufactures, and for 
cotton, wool and silk manufactures, and indeed in all manufactures 
of fibrous and metallic material, is exposed to risk of deficit in income 
to defray expenses, and also to reduction of interest or dividend by 
reason of fluctuations in prices, the proximity of the continents in 
steamship time, the low rates for transportation charged on mer- 
chandise and the whole catalogue of causes which employes can ascer- 
tain, if they do not already know ; for the telegraph, the submarine 
cable and the telephone, not forgetting the mail, are tell-tales of the 
secrets in trade. There is nowadays no terra incognita to commerce, 
not even in Africa, which is being portioned out in parcels among 
the powers, like rations distributed to troops, the aborigines not con- 
sulted nor considered in the allotment of their land, except in cere- 
monial mock way. But civilization is a blanket-word, and where it 
cannot cover evangelization can excuse a transaction, for the mission- 
ary is abroad, and if he cannot proselyte in the interest of creed, he 
can explore in the interest of trade. 

Fifty years ag6, when the sailing packet was the medium of inter- 
communication, averaging thirty days to cross the Atlantic Ocean, 
and the mail-bag aboard ship carried all the information transmitted, 
and when, besides, there were long intervals of non-communication 
between home and foreign shores, then secrets in trade were of money 
value to the owners, because there was time between arrivals to plan 
operations, conduct negotiations, and make purchases and sales. 



G8 

And if it 1)0 asked if, iiotwitlistanding the risk, there is not about 
tlie same percentage of manufacturers as of jobbers successful in busi- 
ness, it may be answered yes, for protection is a guarantee of posses- 
sion of the home market, meantime that competition within it reduces 
prices to the consumer. Protection in the American Union, where 
there is capital seeking investment, means inside competition with 
custom-house locks on outside doors. 

This last phrase states the case of the American citizen against the 
foreign subject. The former ought not, will not be cut down to the 
European subject level ; the latter should not, will not be permitted 
to forage or foray in the United States, when the whole world else- 
where is open to him under laws in force. 

The subject shall not gather the sheaves where the citizen ploughed 
the ground and planted the seed. Let the foreigner pull up by the 
roots the weeds on his own trespassed acres, better the condition of 
himself and fellow subjects with the wit and strength nature gave him 
for his own behoof, or follow fortune if it beckon to a new field where 
there is work awaiting immigration, to make it Avelcome and pay it 
well. 

The fraud on the part of the free trader is in representing manu- 
facturers as ''protected barons" fattened in fortune on premium 
tariff duty, added to the invoice price of foreign merchandise, whereas 
in truth, as the falsifier is aware, discriminating duty is imposed so 
that the higher wages hitherto and at present paid in America may 
be continued henceforth. Thus the citizen employe is assured of em- 
ployment and money is retained in the country, a twofold consequence 
of double benefit to home interests, as every one can appreciate. 

That individual manufacturers, and firms and corporations organ- 
ized for manufacturing purposes, have realized profit on product of 
machinery and capital, and clear heads and deft hands employed, is a 
truth that entitles the parties to public approbation instead of censure, 
from misrepresentatives in Congress who trade in politics and use 
catchwords coined for the stump in a canvass for votes; for skill and 
industry add substance to a country and exalt it in the scale of 
nations. 

A country that is large must have bulwarks to make it strong, con- 
sisting of industrial establishments to make it independent as well as 
fortifications to maintain its independence and play its part among 
the powers. 

Employes cannot expect per capita pay in excess of the value of 
their services to their employers, since a pay roll that represents a 
per capita loss must soon exhaust capital and cause suspension of 
operations. 



69 

And where a pay roll represents a per capita profit, even though it 
be a minimum, and the employes are numbered by scores and hun- 
dreds, a common occurrence, the profits of course aggregate a con- 
siderable sum, the logical sequence of a large business. But these 
savings are invested in new enterprises and in enlargements of suc- 
cessful works, whereby employment is given to additional numbers 
and the community benefited thereby. 

The industrial interests of a country are sympathetic ; and wher- 
ever and whenever a calamity shocks the public — and disasters befall 
every year — the heads of the industries respond through their pockets 
to the appeals of humanity for succor and assistance. In sooth, ob- 
servation of routine life and experience among the perils which beset 
human beings, soften the business man into a good Samaritan when 
the bell of appeal sounds the alarm and summons help. 

SATAN IN JUDEA, THE EUROPEAN IN AFRICA. 

The summary of foreign news in the morning and evening news- 
papers is to date an epitome of the latest events throughout the world, 
as it is mapped and portioned in all its circumference, among con- 
tented and discontented possessors of big and little patches, mostly 
defined by treaty, a process of binding over ostensibly to keep the 
peace ; as where a tract of land is left a legacy to heirs who show 
their gratitude to their donor kinsman by contesting his will, to change 
his allotment of a gift. 

St. Matthew tells how Satan took the Saviour " up into an exceed- 
" ing high mountain and sheweth him all the kingdoms of the world 
"and the glory of them. And saith unto him, All these things will 
"I give thee, if thou wilt fall down and worship me. Then saith 
"Jesus unto him, Get thee hence, Satan." 

What title Satan had to "the kingdoms of the world," with sight 
of which he tried to tempt the Son of God, we are not told. But we 
can infer that "the glory of them" meant the pomp of the royal 
courts and crowned heads in his service, under contract signed and 
assignable. The title to a throne, therefore, it may be, comes down 
from the devil, as title to land in the colonies comes down from grants 
made by crowned heads in Europe who had no patent to hinds in 
America where the aborigines were occupiers and owners. 

On the discovery of the continent of America by Columbus, a spirit 
of adventure set Europe ablaze, and expeditions organized for. dis- 
covery were fitted out by rival dynasties, commanded by navigators 
alive to the situation and ambitious of distinction, to scour coasts and 
explore rivers; and in the name of the sovereign or country they were 



70 

serving, seize and occupy territory, totally ignoring the aborigines 
Avhere they were unopposed, and where the natives resisted the ma- 
rauders, they were sometimes treated with a barbarity that made the 
word " civilization " a misnomer and "colonization" a synonym of 
dire portent. 

Spain, Portugal, France, England, Holland, Swe<len, made settle- 
ments and founded colonies between which wars ensued and dispos- 
session and conquest followed priority of occupation. The colonizers 
first dispossessed the aborigines, and then in sheer covetousness quar- 
relled for supremacy in behalf of royal masters and fatherlands in 
Europe. 

And the policy pursued by western Europe on the discovery of 
America has since been repeated elsewhere, notably by England, and 
is in progress now in Africa where the invailers are already in dispu- 
tation, and threats are muttered against Portugal by the greediest of 
the west European powers ; and where, of course, the richest regions 
being the most coveted, the black natives are doomed to extermina- 
tion ; for the outcry against the slave trade where it survives — a trade 
which England herself planted in her American colonies — is only an 
excuse for occupation for conquest, and is as hypocritical and insin- 
cere as the plea that the Mills bill in the last Congress was in the 
interest of " revenue reform " when its forecasted effect was a forward 
movement towards free trade, as if purposely intended to stay prog- 
ress in localities where visible prosperity is the reward of persever- 
ance in industry and skill, combined with willingness to work. 

In communities where affectation is most boastful that industrial 
labor, which differs from idleness as soberness differs from drunken- 
ness, is not sufficiently respectable to commend it where cotton grows 
out of the ground, there free trade produces its rankest weeds ; but 
the fashion line drawn at cotton has disappeared, like the geographical 
line drawn by Mason and Dixon, long a dividing line between the 
North and the South, to the distraction of political parties and con- 
fusion in the national councils. Blessed day when slavery passed 
away ! 

On the Delaware bay and river the Dutch and Swedes were the pi- 
oneer settlers ; next after the Dutch rulers came the English, before Penn 
appeared, Avith a plan of a colony extending westward from the Dela- 
ware river, with a seaport city and frame of government, its provisions 
in advance of its date. Penn, who had elaborated in his mind the 
grand idea of a coinmonwealtk founded on toleration^ obtained his 
charter from Charles II. for a grant of land to which the English 
crown had no title, but which notwithstanding constituted a sufficient 
conveyance to discharge a debt due Admiral Penn, because it con- 



71 

formed to the common kingly usage of that clay to grant lands in 
distant America, in large overlapping tracts. This loose royal prac- 
tice naturally engendered controversy about boundary lines. But 
Penn, whose fame is in his statesmanship, though he derived his pro- 
prietary title from the English crown, made treaties with the aborigines 
for peaceful possession of his acquisition. 

The present dynasty of Great Britain and Ireland is founded on a 
revolution headed by William of Orange, a German prince, who with 
his own troops combined with British troops put the king to flight 
and took his seat on the throne, with the consent of Parliament ; nor 
was the "divine right" to wear a crown and wield a sceptre pleaded 
in opposition to the imported soldier made sovereign of the kingdom 
and founder of a new dynasty, which is still in power, and which may 
continue in hereditary office till the British people, already graduated 
to a safe standard for a change, substitute the elect of the ballot for 
a crowned head and a Senate for the House of Lords. 

The tactics of the founders of empires on the Mediterranean and 
in the East, and for which Satan attempted to substitute bribery in 
Judea, and which William of Normandy put in practice on the 
strength of his victory at Hastings by his seizure of the English 
crown and the transfer of confiscaled Saxon estates to his Norman 
followers made barons, became the practice in the New World, as it 
had been the common usage in the old since primitive man began his 
migrations. 

THE WAYS OF THE WORLD. 
THE BATTLE OF LIFE. 

It is said that in the dark ages, and before the reformation, the 
most of the books preserved were stored in the monasteries, for 
learning was at discount and ignorance of letters a knightly boast; 
but that was long ago, and cannot again occur, for public opinion 
insists on education as a means of enlightenment, particularly in 
Christian lands ; and hence with access to libraries and to books, 
magazines and newspapers, the history of the past is open to every 
one athirst for its truths and lessons ; and shams, impostures and 
superstitions are disappearing, so that in these practical days, in the 
light of the Christian religion and political progress inculcated by it, 
the individual man must acquaint himself with the questions discussed 
and to be settled by agreement, compromise or otherwise, and so 
equip himself for intelligent co-operation, particularly with the friends 
of protection, thereby to perpetuate home rule in the American 
market. 

There are omens in the sky when there is craft in the canvass ; the 



72 

horizon is not clear till the fringe of cloud above it disappears behind 
it. The so-called "trusts," for which mistrusts would be a fitter 
name, of which the sugar trust organized in New York city is number 
one, and of which England seems the centre of operations, are com- 
binations fraught with mischief. And the plea urged in justification 
that consolidation is economy, as in the case of the three Chicago 
steel companies merged in one, is a fallacy which will not long exten- 
uate a s])eculation. But if " trusts " become the fashion, fortunately 
fashion is short-lived, then employer and employe sliouhl coalesce to 
keep individuals, firms and corporations out of a mania to boom prices 
in adulterations launched in paper-plated craft into currents with 
rapids which are most dangerous when the volume of water is largest, 
down which the hulk, after a few circles in the eddies of the stock 
market, is caught in a vortex and disappears in a maelstrom. 

Smuggling and undervaluation in invoice prices are the equivalents 
of blockade-running in the rebellion of 1861-65 — tempting prospects 
of extra profit. And as the American market is a bank with large 
surplus deposits for distribution, in European eyes, the American 
employer and employe are equally menaced and combated by foreign 
competition, which has as many insinuating ways as the queen of 
sirens, as many tongues as there aVe idioms in speech, and which, like 
the chameleon whose color changes with its position to the light, can 
change its color in market as many times as there are prices at auction 
sales and tints in paints and dyes. 

The American market must be guarded against inroad by under- 
selling foreign subject competition, by citizen voters in the wage- 
earning service, as the national flag is guai'ded against insult by the 
army and navy, on land and sea. 

The Samoa South Pacific event this present year, which disclosed 
the purpose of Gerujany to annex by craft and force the island of 
Samoa, in disregard of the treaty rights of the United States — a 
freebooting grab frustrated by the timely action of Congress and the 
gallant conduct of the naval officers in command of United States 
vessels " in the right place at the right time" — before the hurricane — 
shows the absolute necessity of a first-class navy to a first-class power 
like the United States ; so that vessels of war, equal to any in service 
among the navies of European nations, may patrol far-away waters, 
ready to act in emergency and respond to orders received. 

Precious metals and precious stones and other things of great value 
are put in safety deposit vaults, always under watch, to insure against 
surprise and robbery; f)r where there are treasures within, beware 
of thieves outside. 

And herein is a hint to the citizen cmploi/a, whose jewel is his 



73 

heulth, and whose negotiable assets are educated mind, acquired skill 
and bodily strength, to watch the custom-house, the boundary line 
and Congress, the three ways to his home market, through one or the 
other of which his enem}^ always on the lookout, hopes to out- 
manoeuvre his guard and capture his customers. 

Warfare is waged where no deadly weapons are used as well as 
where the object of combatants is destruction of property and life, to 
eidiance cost of hostilities, shorten a campaign, and hasten the return 
of peace. 

The poor man knows what the words " battle of life " express ; and 
hence, as Avarfare in manufactures between America and Europe is 
war hetiveen American citizens and European subjects for the Amer- 
icaii market, the poor man must use the ballot for his bayonet, or 
suffer loss of employment or be content with reduced compensation. 

For ignorance of current affairs in politics and trade there is no 
valid excuse, since the newspaper is scattered everywhere, and the 
telegram travels the wire faster than the earth moves on its axis. 
Nor is neutrality less offensive than ignorance, under free govern- 
ment, for citizenship imposes responsibility to perform duty on every- 
body except inmates of asylums for the insane and persons incar- 
cerated for crime. Hence the neutral, when protection is on trial, 
has his counterpart in the ignoramus, and vice versa. 

The American market is a commercial mine and mint on Avhich 
western Europe casts longing eyes, and out of which alien importers 
and their proxies are solicitous to draw payment for foreign compet- 
itive merchandise, thereby to stimulate European production for 
American consumption, thus to deprive American citizens of employ- 
ment and diminish the product of American works, and so deal a 
double blow to the American citizen employer and employe. 

COMMERCIAL TREATIES WITH FOREIGN NATIONS. 

In the discussions of the day in editorial columns of the news- 
papers, the reader, it would seem, is expected to take much for 
granted in an editor's say so, when the editor is a unit, however many 
subscribers and readers his paper may have ; but when we consider 
that doctors and lawyers are given to specialties in their practice on 
which their reputation is made and rests, although a laAvyer whose 
bar is the rail in a magistrate's office, unless he have admission into 
the corridor of a prison, will appeal a petty case to the supreme court 
if possible, and a doctor who knows that a broken limb is not a case 
of fits will attend and talk at a consultation of surgeons, oculists and 
family physicians distinguished in the medical profession, we are or 



ought to be at liberty to doubt whether the editor of a daily news- 
paper really understands every subject he writes about, when a life- 
time of study bounds but limited knowledge on more than one grand 
theme in the interest of man. 

Hence, when the newspapers talk about commercial treaties with 
foreign nations, look to it that a commercial treaty be not operative 
mainly in the interest of the foreigner, who may have but little to 
exchange for his admission into the American market. 

Eeciprocity was tried with Canada, and was stopped on detection 
of her subterfuges and tricks in intertrade. And considering the 
prevalence of perjury where importers and their proxies swear to 
undervaluations in custom-houses and in courts of law, it behooves 
American citizens to be on the alert in the definition of words and 
the interpretation of mother tongue, lest it be found, after ratification 
is exchanged, that a treaty may contain " words of promise made to 
the ear to be broken to the hope." 

Commercial reciprocity between nations is a " game of hazard of 
the die," which is a game of hazard of the dollar. In a treaty, every 
word used should be considered and weighed in its obvious meaning and 
possible interpretation. For evidence of the wisdom of circumspec- 
tion in treaty phraseology, witness the impudent claim made by dis- 
ingenuous misinterpretation, to the island of San Juan oif Vancouver 
Island, under the Oregon treaty with Great Britain, June 15, 1846, 

OBSERVE NATURAL LAWS AND MEDITATE MANKIND. 

A profile of a railroad across a continent shows a series of eleva- 
tions and depressions, from ocean beach to main summit, with tunnels, 
bridcfes, thorough cuts and embankments, the grade of the road-bed 
ascending and descending according to the slope of the corrugations 
in the surface of the ground, reduced by cuts and fills, on the route 
traversed — inequalities caused by uplift, as exposed rocks illustrate, 
and by erosion, as denuded ridges certify, in geologically translated 
revelations of igneous upheaval, volcanic eruption^ glacial action, 
subsidence of water and wear and tear of the weather on everything 
exposed to contact with it. 

Go back to the period when the Gulf of Mexico bent its elbow at 
Cairo, where the Ohio joins the Mississippi, and conceive the quantity 
in cubic yards of disintegrated rock and fallow and tilled soil washed 
down mountain and valley and borne gulfward in flood and freshet, 
forming the bottom lands along the lower Mississippi river and the 
delta beyond New Orleans. 

See where the sands of the ocean shore, wIumi the wind angers the 



75 

waves, are moved along the coast, making changes in the water-line 
by cutting away acres of beach in one place and adding acres to the 
beach in another place, so showing that the law of change pervades 
nature where it is inanimate and without life, as where it is animate 
with life in mute animals endowed with instinct and in human beings 
with reason and language at command. 

The march of man since he was sent forth on his mission to re- 
plenish the earth has been a series of ups and downs, steps of ad- 
vancement and progress up an incline to a higher level, steps back- 
ward and downward to a lower level, there to halt, waiting opportunity 
to regain lost ground and push ahead into new territory, where there 
is room, if not welcome, for the organized army of occupation,. with 
its weapons of war and implements of industry. 

Nor has man on his marches upward and onward towards the main 
summit seen in his visions of possible human happiness, between 
countermarches to the rear, progressed farther than to reach the base 
of the last mountain. This ultimatum height his posterity will have 
to climb before the army of life in the old world will have even prox- 
imately attained the objective destination of the campaign, in a con- 
dition of political equality of the high level built by the ballot which 
citizens of the United States have voted more than a hundred years, 
with security and mental and material profit to themselves and benefit 
in example to the rest of mankind ; and which advanced condition of 
society subjects of kingdoms will also enjoy, after they shall have 
learned how to utilize the force latent in numbers, as mechanical en- 
gineers know how to utilize the force latent in nature in practical 
business affairs. The utilization of force in government, as in me- 
chanics, is a problem for universal study, because a panacea from the 
pharmacy of quackery promises too much. Where the patient is a 
body politic, the prescription must be compounded to cure. 

INTEROCEANIC CANALS AND CONTINENTAL 
RAILWAYS. 

North America is the only continent crossed by continuous railway. 
Panama and Suez are isthmuses conspicuously important as necks 
that join large areas together, and as narrow strips of land between 
seas and oceans, which in the Suez case are united for navigation pur- 
poses by a ship canal, and in the Panama case will be united when 
the Panama canal shall have been completed. The Nicaragua canal, 
too, is a pending probability, with powerful political, commercial 
and military considerations in its favor. 

The American Union is a power on the Pacific Ocean, same as it 



76 

is a power on the Atlantic Ocean, and between these two oceans, 
whereon are its coasts, a ship canal of large capacity is an unquestion- 
able iridisperisabilitj, to which every year adds gravity and increase 
of importance. 

An isthmus ship canal and the Monroe Doctrine in Central and 
South America and the West Indies, are paramount themes on wdiich 
American public opinion is emphatic and pronounced and will con- 
tinue to intensify. 

Home rule m North and South America is the motto and urgency 
is the watchword. There are nations in western Europe that are hot- 
beds of evil intentions against distant peoples and common rights. 

The continent of North America, moreover, is the only continent 
dominated by a citizen population, whose free institutions rest on a 
foundation of equality and civil rights which cloud-bursts cannot 
wash out, nor statecraft undermine, nor hostile forces overcome, 
no matter from -what sources or in what numbers they may be 
sent, because they are institutions budded "by the people for the 
people." 

And as North America is the last continent opened to immigration 
— Australia is an island in the South Pacific Ocean — the fact verifies 
the New Testament words that " the last shall be first;" for whilst 
America Avas the last continent opened to settlement to develop its 
territory, it was the first continent opened by overland railway to 
local, terminal and " round the world " trade. 

The continent of Asia, too, the largest of the continents in area 
and population, containing half the inhabitants of the earth, will soon 
' be crossed by a continuous railroad wholly within the Russian empire, 
same as the half dozen railways across North America are all but one 
wholly within the United States. European Russia contains a num- 
ber of railway lines which combine the two ideas of military and com- 
mercial transportation; for whilst St. Petersburg is the head, Moscow 
is the heart, of Russia, the one supreme in its diplomacy that appre- 
ciates the jealousy of its neighbors, who would smite if they dare, the 
other supreme in its patriotism that goes out from its pulsations into 
the arteries of the nation to its uttermost extremities. From the 
Ural mountains, where European Russia ends and Asiatic Russia be- 
gins, the Siberian railway will in short tinie be opened through to the 
North Pacific Ocean, at the dock of a ferry to the United States, 
whose boundary is at the 10-3° of longitude from (Greenwich) London, 
west of the westernmost of the Aleutian Islands, which enclose Beh- 
ring Sea, as is shown on the map, English map included. 

Deduct the 84° 29' of longitude between Maine and Poland, from 
the 300° of longitude which embrace the globe, and there remain 



77 

275° 31' ill the joint possession of tlie United States and Russia, 
126° 11' to the former, 149° 20' to the latter. 

But for Russia in the rebellion, England and France, the latter 
under the usurper Napoleon the third and little, would have joined 
the Confederacy to divide the Union. And this episodal act of 
Russia with its fleet will continue a quenchless light, so that its lesson 
may not be dimmed nor forgotten though the millennium arrive. 

Australia an independent nationality ; India under home Mahom- 
etan Hindoo rule; and China and Japan wise enough to revise exist- 
ing treaties extorted from their helplessness at the dates they were 
signed, the North and South Pacific and Indian oceans rise out of the 
mist which overhangs waters in foggy times, and loom up into sun- 
shine, geographical birthplaces of events which pregnant nature shows 
are in the womb of time, soon to be born. 

AVith Russia in the Mediterranean, Baltic and North Pacific ; the 
United States in the North Atlantic, Gulf of Mexico and North Pa- 
cific ; home rule in Hindostan ; and China and Japan operated ac- 
cording to a new treaty programme, the " European Balance" which 
has so lonof cheated the world with false weights will rust from dis- 
use, a discarded scale. 

The dark continent of Africa next in turn will be belted with rail- 
roads by the western powers of Europe, who are already squatted on 
its coasts, located to stay ; and who have organized bands roving the 
Congo basin and its remotest parts, coveting its territory, intent and 
determined on its distribution among themselves, for colonization by 
assisted emigration of redundant population, for ethnologic and cos- 
mopolitan considerations. 

UNREST AND DISTRUST IN WESTERN EUROPE. 

The carving-knife has been in use since Tubal Cain, the artificer 
in iron named in Genesis, and the diplomatic pen since the first treaty 
put in writing. And in the army the sword and in the cabinet the 
pen are to-day potential in consultation, considering how to overcome 
and overreach, and not incur more than minimum risk to secure 
maximum gain. Peace is a sweet sentiment, in retirement away from 
the noise of the thoroughfares, where there are no sparrows to annoy 
the songsters ; but in Europe war is forecasted in the grim shadows 
of standing armies, in readiness to break camp and begin hostilities, 
which may end no one can foresee when, nor how, nor where. And 
it is this uncertainty akin to caution that keeps the leashes on " the 
dogs of war," in the Mediterranean and on the Danube. 

Storm-clouds darken the sky and the lightning hurls its smiting 



78 

bolt and docs its iiiiscliicf", before the tbuiider tells the anger of a 
force in nature overbcad, to tbe lower air for human ears to heed and 
communicate to man his insignificance as a part of the creation. 

Against a pent-up element of nature, suddeidy let loose in wrath, 
even war as a demon of destruction loses its terrors, as when, by a 
break in the dam of a reservoir in Cambria county, Pennsylvania, 
May 31, 1889, inside one hour six thousand lives were destroyed at 
Johnstown and riverside boroughs east and west of it, through the 
omission and neglect of the South Fork Fishing Club of Pittsburgh 
to put in safe condition and keep in safe repair an old dam built 
across a brook to form a reservoir for use in time of drouth to feed a 
canal abandoned soon after the Pennsylvania Railroad was opened to 
Pittsburgh, leaving the reservoir an empty ruin ; ten years ago the 
break was closed and the dam repaired to make a fishing lake, but in 
a way that added peril to the thirty thousand inhabitants of boroughs 
strewn along the Conemaugh river, down the Allegheny mountain 
side. When the dam broke the flood spread twenty miles of death 
and desolation, from South Fork to Nineveh ! 

Truly " it is the unexpected that happens," and well may the fact 
make ministers of state, whose hope is in allies and strength in alli- 
ance, hesitate to go to war, particularly if plotted in the interest of 
crowned heads and not risked to vindicate a principle or a people. 
For war made for dynasties the people pay in blood and treasure. 

Europe is covered with a patchwork of war-made kingdoms, as for 
illustration Austria with its babel tongues and antao;onistic races, the 
Austrian element a small ingredient in the mixed but not commingled 
population ; and miscalled an empire, because its army holds it 
together for dynastic ends and prevents its disintegration into parts 
Avith affinities for more congenial combination. 

The geographical situation of the United States is a blessing that 
stirs the heart of citizenship with thankfulness and a natural advantage 
that assures the mind in meditation of man in America, where spirit- 
ualistic aspirations leaven the material mortal ; and awakens interest 
in man elsewhere, held in subject condition through usurpation of his 
rights in ages gone by and in defiance of the rights of the present 
generation to the pursuit of happiness on common ground. Hence 
it is a matter of course and not of astonishment or wonder that dis- 
content and unrest are prevalent in Europe, where, except in France 
and Switzerland, the interest of dynasty is the first and principal 
consideration of statecraft ; and the toiling masses without whom 
standing armies could not be organized and maintained are con- 
sidered and used as ballast to keep the ship of state on its keel, and 
are not counted nor weighed as human beings in cabinet negotiations. 



71> 

The cabinet of Great Brifuiiii, not its parliament, emphatically not 
the subjects of the crown, committed that kini2;<lora to the Crimean 
war of 1853—1856 against Russia, in alliance with France, Sardinia 
and Turkey, and assisted to wage it with its army and navy, at triple 
cost in life, treasure and disappointment. Nor is that diplomatic 
mistake, nor the Berlin Congress of 1878, another diplomatic per- 
formance, condoned or fn-gotten. 

Peace is perturbed with the bustling preliminaries of war, which 
intensify suspense and reduce prediction of probabilities to guess- 
work ; for diplomacy where it is detected, or duplicity where it is thin 
and transparent, does not provide data to horoscope events in advance, 
like the observations of the barometer and temperature recorded by 
the signal service, for a basis to forecast probabilities of the weather, 
for a day ! 

Thomas S. Fernon, 

Philadelphia, 1402 Spkuce Strkbt. 

July 14, 1889. 



ADDENDUM TO STATEMENT OF "IMPORTS AND EX- 
PORTS " (page 27). 

When a summary of the Imports and Exports of the United States 
for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1889, appeared under date Wash- 
ington, July 27, 1889, this work was in type, its proof revised and 
its matter paged. Hence this addendum, compiled from the statement 
mentioned, corrected from official figures. 

Total imports of merchandise, . . $745,131,665 

Total imports of gold and silver, . . 28,963,073 

Grand total of imports, 1889, . . $774,094,738 

Total exports of merchandise, . . $742,401,254 

Total exports of gold and silver, . . 96,641,533 

Grand total of exports, 1889, . . 839,042,787 



Excess of exports over imports, 1889, . $64,948,049 

Excess of merchandise imports over exports, 1889, 2,730,411 

Excess of gold and silver exports over imports, 1889, 67,678,460 

Excess of merchandise imports over exports, 1888, 28,002,607 

Excess of gold and silver imports over exports, 1888, 12,925,743 



DEC 19 1903 



80 



ISSS. 1880. 

Imports of merchiindise, . . . $72o,957,l 14 $745,131, GG5 
Exports of merchandise, . . . 695,1)54,507 742,401,254 

Foreign merchandise exported, . . 12,092,403 12,118,766 

The movement of merchandise for 1889, it will be seen, shows 
increase both ways ; whereas the movement of specie shows an excess 
of imports for 1888 and an excess of exports — and a large one — for 
1889 ; and this is a bad feature in the exhibit for ya-AV ended June 
30, 1889, inasmuch as in a healthy condition of foreign trade, specie 
ought to flow into the country, not out of it. 

The presidential canvass of 1888 was waged in Europe with every- 
thing but the ballot, whilst in the United States it was waged with 
the ballot except in cottondom, where the colored voter was denied 
justice, by jugglery of the law, at many of the polls. 

Moreover, it is well to remember that, of the fiscal year ended June 
30, 1889, only that portion from March 4 to June 30 was in President 
Harrison's term ; the prior eight months and three days were in 
President Cleveland's term. 

Under recent rulings of the Appraisement and Treasury Depart- 
ments the current fiscal year will do better for the country, partic- 
ularly in its foremost interests, agriculture and manufactures, Avhich 
will overspread the states with prosperity and plenty, when the rents 
viciously made by insidious misconstruction, in the national panoply 
of protection, shall have been closed, as the stars overspread the 
heavens with brightness and beauty, in testimony of the wisdom that 
reicrns in nature. 



LB D '04 



MAN m AMERICA. 



SIX THOUSAND YEARS FROM EDEN TO 
INDEPENDENCE HALL. 



THE HIGHEST SUMMIT REACHED BY MAN, EN MASSE, BETWEEN THE 
GARDEN OF EDEN AND INDEPENDENCE HALL, IS CITIZENSHIP MAN- 
HOOD ON THE TABLE LAND OF EQUALITY IN THE UNITED STATES, 
WHERE THE AMERICAN CITIZEN IS AS HIGH ABOVE THE SUB- 
JECT OF A CROWN AS THE TABLE LAND IN THIBET IS 
ABOVE TIDEWATER, OR THE FLIGHT OF THE EAGLE 
HIGHER THAN THE SPARROW. 



BY 

THOMAS S. FERNON, 

AUTHOE OF 

'no dynasty in NOKTH AMERICA," "FREE TRADE MEANS SERF PAY AND 
FAMINE FARE," ETC. 



PHILADELPHIA : 
PRESS OF HENRY B. ASHMEAD, 

Nos. 1102 AND 1104 Sansom Steeet. 

1889. 



\ 



